Tackling Online Hate in Football (TOHIF)

这个名为TOHIF的项目的核心是陷害、追踪和打击足球中的网络仇恨。媒体是体育商业化的重要意识形态载体和关键推动者，因此，今天，体育赛事和媒体密切相关。就收视率和参与度而言，足球是世界上最受欢迎的运动，越来越多的足球消费(即观看、阅读和讨论)发生在网络空间。网上的做法和经验有可能塑造和影响我们对种族主义、性别歧视和宗派主义问题的看法。长期以来，足球一直是政治、经济、文化和社会问题在当地、国家和国际上上演的一个有影响力的镜头。因此，通过分析球迷的数字对话、反应和行为，我们能够批判性地评估这种仇恨意识形态滋生的有影响力的背景，这种仇恨思想是如何发生的，发生在哪里，仇恨言论的特征以及表达仇恨的人。重要的是，通过理解这一点，我们可以制定打击在线仇恨的策略。2008-2022年的男子和女子欧洲足球锦标赛被选为探索TOHIF研究目的和目标的地点。这是因为这些活动受到了媒体的高度关注，包括社交媒体的出现和欧洲经济、政治和文化的快速转型时期。国际足球赛事是民族主义情绪的焦点，为公民提供了聚集在一起的机会，以一种可见的、集体的方式表达“我们是谁”，反对同样重要但被诋毁的“我们不是谁”。欧洲足球锦标赛等大型足球赛事是民族主义象征性表达的重要平台。然而，研究表明，这种表达可能会蔓延为对反对球迷的仇外心理、不容忍和暴力，并可能成为冲突观点的催化剂，这些观点在网上越来越多地被表达出来。简而言之，任何关于身份、民族和归属感的研究，如果不涉及体育运动，都是一项失焦的研究。TOHIF将在最先进的定量数据分析、细致入微的定性批评分析和反对仇恨言论的草根激进主义之间建立一座桥梁。它将利用TOHIF团队的专业知识和反仇恨组织的广泛网络和经验，为不同的利益攸关方配备深入的创新战略，以打击不断演变的仇恨言论。这项研究的纵向性质允许对社交媒体、网络仇恨和足球之间的相互联系进行严格分析，并通过与主要利益攸关方合作来解决这一问题。具体地说，这将涉及就国家认同与足球、种族主义与足球、宗派主义与足球、性别歧视与足球以及社交媒体传播与足球等主题开展系统的文献审查。此外，对推特上与足球相关的仇恨言论的批评性话语分析将与2008年至2022年期间八届欧洲足球锦标赛的描述性、内容和网络分析相结合。重要的是，这样的定性和定量分析将与采访致力于种族平等、社会正义和消除网络仇恨的伙伴组织成员获得的数据相结合。我们将与合作伙伴合作，开发教育研讨会、政策和具体的机器学习程序，以识别和打击社交媒体上的在线仇恨。这些举措和学术成果的传播将以可持续的方式惠及广泛的利益攸关方，包括但不限于社交媒体公司、球迷、足球俱乐部/球员、政策制定者和反仇恨组织/运动。

This project, TOHIF, is centred on framing, tracing and combating online hate in football. Media are important ideological vehicles and critical agents in the commercialisation of sports, such that, today, sports events and media are intimately connected. Football is the most popular sport in the world in terms of both viewership and participation and increasingly, football consumption (i.e. watching, reading and discussing), takes place in online spaces. Online practices and experiences have the potential to shape and influence our perceptions of matters concerning racism, sexism and sectarianism. Football has long been an influential lens in which political, economic, cultural and social issues have played out locally, nationally and internationally. Consequently, by analysing football fans' digital conversations, reactions and behaviours we are able to critically gauge an influential context in which such ideologies of hate grow, how and where this happens, the characteristics of the hate speech and those who express it. Importantly, by understanding this, we can develop strategies in which to combat online hate.The men's and women's European Football Championships, 2008-2022 have been selected as the site in which to explore TOHIF's research aims and objectives. This is because of the significant media attention these events have received, encompassing the emergence of social media and a period of rapid economic, political and cultural transformation in Europe. International football events act as a focus for nationalist sentiments, providing citizens with opportunities to come together in a visible, collective expression of 'who we are', in opposition to an equally important, but denigrated 'who we are not'. Large football events such as European Football Championships are important platforms for the symbolic expressions of nationalism. However, research indicates that such expressions can spill over into xenophobia, intolerance and violence towards opposing fans and can act as a catalyst for conflict - views which are increasingly articulated online. In short, any study of identity, nationhood and belonging that does not involve sport is a study out of focus.TOHIF will create a bridge between state-of-the-art quantitative data analysis, nuanced qualitative critical analysis and grassroots activism against hate speech. It will draw on the expertise of the TOHIF team and the wide networks and experience of anti-hate organisations to equip different stakeholders with in-depth, innovative strategies for combating evolving hate speech. The longitudinal nature of the research allows for a rigorous analysis of the interconnections between social media, online hate and football and of ways to redress this through working with key stakeholders.Specifically, this will involve the development of systematic literature reviews on the topics of national identity and football, racism and football, sectarianism and football, sexism and football and social media communication and football. Furthermore, a critical discourse analysis on selected instances of football-related hate speech on Twitter will be paired with descriptive, content and network analysis of eight European Football Championships between 2008 and 2022. Importantly, such qualitative and quantitative analysis will be paired with data obtained from interviewing members of partner organisations committed to race equality, social justice and stamping out online hate. We will work with partners to develop educational workshops, policies and specific machine learning procedures in which to identify and combat online hate on social media. Such initiatives and academic outputs will be disseminated with the goal of benefiting a wide number of stakeholders in a sustainable way including but not limited to social media companies, fans, football clubs/players, policymakers and anti-hate organisations/campaigns.