The Other Rome: Centring People and Spaces of Maintenance

人们把罗马想象成一个有许多著名古迹的城市。但还有一个完全不同的、隐藏的罗马：一个为了保持其标志性的对应而存在的罗马。很多工作都是为了保持旅游景点的清洁。这项工作通常由来自东欧或非洲的贫困和移民居民进行。由于他们看起来不像游客期望看到的罗马人（也就是说，享受“多尔采生活”的白色人，而不是汗流浃背的劳动者），清洁工被贴上了空间不当使用者的标签，被迫在游客和富裕居民看不到的地方工作。隐藏的空间也有助于维持旅游业：小巷和密室创造了一个服务基础设施，使企业和业主获利，但隐藏了真正维持城市运转的人。让这个另一个罗马可见是挑战旅游经济的关键，旅游经济利用纯洁的形象，排除与这种形象相矛盾的人和空间。这项研究将考察这座无形的维护城市是如何发展起来的，以及它是如何支撑起今天大多数人所知道的罗马的。档案和人种学方法将确定政策和空间的转变如何将清洁工置于边缘地位，以及工人如何通过打造自己的罗马来对抗排斥。将特别注意如何城市的维护是不是简单的辅助，而是一个关键的代理罗马的遗产。对历史文件的分析将构成该项目的第一阶段。虽然关于罗马建筑的研究很多，但大多数研究都集中在著名建筑的历史和建造它们的有影响力的人身上。几乎没有任何工作集中了清理这些空间的人。然而，长期以来，保持罗马整洁的努力塑造了这座城市和它的人民。自世纪末以来，贫穷的居民被雇佣来清洁街道和纪念碑，同时被禁止使用这些空间吃饭，玩耍，甚至闲逛。来自三个档案馆的书面和视觉资料将有助于详细说明消毒措施如何将贫困居民降级为服务活动，以及居民如何占用日常生活空间。第二阶段将侧重于当代罗马。自20世纪90年代以来，福利削减，房价上涨和公共空间的消毒规定使历史中心成为游客和精英的专属游乐场。将这个游乐场作为艺术和权力的剧院，需要保持街道秩序。由于投资减少和腐败，管理人员在这项任务上举步维艰，管理人员通过雇用人员清洁教堂、商店和周围的街道来补充城市服务。这些清洁工往往是移民，他们在长途跋涉数小时到达中心后，找不到满足他们需求的服务，雇主要求他们对游客保持隐形。空间调查和对工人、雇主和游客的采访将调查清洁治理如何约束劳动者，以及清洁工如何利用空间在城市中建造自己的城市。该项目的最后阶段将使其他罗马为专业和普通公众所知。前者的产出将包括一个跨学科的研讨会，一篇期刊文章，一本书的建议，并与设计指南的报告。另外两项产出将针对一般受众。首先，与清洁工合作，一个音频旅游将允许游客参观历史遗迹，同时倾听工人对这些空间的记忆。其次，展览将结合联合收割机的历史和现代的照片，声音和数字化的档案数据的维护。总而言之，这些活动将展示罗马的主流代表是如何系统地抹去这座城市是关于什么和谁的重要组成部分的。认识到清洁工人及其罗马是城市特征的组成部分，该项目将为消除剥削性就业和空间歧视奠定基础。

People imagine Rome as a city of famous monuments. But there is a whole other, hidden Rome: one that exists to maintain its iconic counterpart. A lot of work goes into keeping touristic sites clean. This work is usually carried out by underprivileged and immigrant residents from Eastern Europe or Africa. As they do not look like the Romans that tourists expect to see (that is, white people enjoying "la dolce vita," not sweating labourers), cleaners are labelled as inappropriate users of space and made to work out of sight from visitors and wealthy residents. Hidden spaces too help sustain the tourism industry: alleys and back-rooms create a service infrastructure that profits business and property owners, but hides the people who actually keep the city running. Making this Other Rome visible is key to challenge tourist economies that capitalise on an image of purity, excluding people and spaces that contradict that image. The research will examine how the invisible city of maintenance developed and how it supports the Rome that most people know today. Archival and ethnographic methods will identify how policies and transformations of space have relegated cleaners to a condition of marginality, and how the workers in turn have countered exclusion by forging their own Rome. Special attention will be given to how the city of maintenance is not simply ancillary to, but rather a critical agent of Rome's heritage. Analyses of historical documents will form the first phase of the project. While much has been written on Rome's architecture, most studies focus on the history of celebrated buildings and the influential people who made them. Hardly any work has centred the people who cleaned those spaces. Yet efforts to keep Rome tidy have long shaped the city and its people. Since the late-nineteenth century, poor residents were hired to clean streets and monuments while being prohibited from using those spaces to eat, play, or even loiter. Written and visual sources from three archives will help detail how sanitizing measures relegated poor residents to service activities, and how residents occupied spaces for their daily routines. The second phase will focus on contemporary Rome. Since the 1990s, welfare cuts, rising housing prices, and sanitising regulations of public space have made the historic centre an exclusive playground for tourists and elites. Staging this playground as a theatre of art and power requires keeping streets in order. As administrators struggle with this task due to disinvestments and corruption, managers supplement city services by hiring people to clean churches, shops, and the streets around them. These cleaners are often immigrants who, after traveling for hours to get to the centre, find no services catering to their needs and are asked by employers to remain invisible to tourists. Spatial surveys and interviews with workers, employers, and tourists will investigate how cleaning governance disciplines labourers, and how cleaners use space to fabricate their own city within the city. The last phase of the project will make the Other Rome known to specialised and general publics. Outputs for the former will include an interdisciplinary symposium, a journal article, a book proposal, and a report with design guidelines. Two other outputs will target general audiences. Firstly, made in collaboration with the cleaners, an audio-tour will allow tourists to visit historic sites while listening to workers' memories of those spaces. Secondly, an exhibition will combine historical and present-day photographs, sounds, and digitized archival data on maintenance. Altogether, these activities will show how mainstream representations of Rome systematically erase an essential part of what-and who-the city is about. Recognizing the people who clean and their Rome as integral to the city's identity, the project will set a basis for dismantling exploitative employment and spatial discriminations.