The Palestinian Americas: revolutionary struggle across the global south, 1950-1979

巴勒斯坦解放斗争长期以来一直是世界各地反殖民运动的旗手。然而，很少有学者调查巴勒斯坦人将他们的事业嵌入全球南方其他斗争的历史过程。巴勒斯坦美洲是第一个详细记录巴勒斯坦人如何在特定地理背景下建立这种关系的项目：1950年代、60年代和70年代的拉丁美洲。该项目不是假设第三世界的团结是在冷战逻辑下运作的分散的国家或地区集团之间产生的，而是关注散居巴勒斯坦人的革命激进主义，强调南南移民的形式和绕过欧洲和北美渠道的联系。自20世纪初以来，拉丁美洲一直是中东以外世界上巴勒斯坦人最多的地方（约100万），其中中美洲和智利的巴勒斯坦人尤为集中。虽然这些社区长期以来以商业企业家的成功而闻名，但从20世纪50年代起，有相当多的人加入了拉丁美洲的革命运动。在第三世界团结一致的背景下，新一代的积极分子越来越多地接触到新生的巴勒斯坦解放斗争，因为他们试图将自己的地方激进主义与全球反帝国主义抵抗运动联系起来。然而，他们还必须应对拉丁美洲巴勒斯坦同胞的敌意，这些人经常将参与左翼激进主义视为对他们经济利益的威胁。该项目探讨了这些流散空间的复杂性和特殊性，为20世纪中期形成南南团结的斗争提供了新的视角。从萨尔瓦多的土著要求土地改革，到智利的学生运动，再到尼加拉瓜的桑地诺起义，拉丁美洲的巴勒斯坦革命者根植于独特的当地社会政治背景中。与此同时，他们的行动主义常常迫使他们在逃避迫害和寻求建立新的团结关系时采取秘密的生活方式。通过精心挑选的案例研究，通过结合民族志和文献资料，研究了运动、局部空间和革命激进主义之间的相互作用，重建了亲属和意识形态的网络，这些网络支撑着流散的巴勒斯坦人在不同地点的危险旅程。这项研究主要针对三个方面的产出。首先，一篇发表在全球历史主要期刊上的文章将把智利圣地亚哥视为拉丁美洲和中东地区巴勒斯坦革命积极分子的中心，以便对全球历史学家如何在第三世界革命时代探索南南团结进行更广泛的干预。其次，国际会议和由此产生的特刊将建立一个新的集体研究议程，着眼于阿拉伯侨民与巴勒斯坦斗争的历史性接触。第三，该计划将把智利、萨尔瓦多和法国的资料数位化，制作3个新藏品和2个数位故事，收录在伯利恒星球档案（Planet Bethlehem Archive）中，这是一个线上资源，纪录伯利恒的流散遗产，大部分巴勒斯坦移民都是在伯利恒迁入美洲。该项目将通过一项协商参与方案，使这些产出对学术部门以外的主要利益攸关方有用，该方案使PI与拉丁美洲的档案和文化组织以及一群流散的巴勒斯坦作家和艺术家合作，共同策划一系列公共活动、教育材料和媒体出版物。PI还将起草一本针对普通读者的书，讲述拉丁美洲与20世纪巴勒斯坦斗争的纠缠。

The Palestinian liberation struggle has long been a standard-bearer for anti-colonial movements around the world. Rarely, however, have scholars investigated the historical process by which Palestinians embedded their cause within other struggles in the global south. The Palestinian Americas is the first project to document in detail how Palestinians forged such ties in a specific geographical context: that of Latin America in the 1950s, 60s and 70s. Rather than assume Third World solidarities to have been produced across discrete national or regional blocs operating under Cold War logics, the project focuses on the revolutionary activism of diasporic Palestinians, emphasising forms of south-south migration and connectivity that bypassed European and North American channels.Since the early 20th century, Latin America has been home to the largest number of Palestinians in the world outside the Middle East (around 1 million), with particularly high concentrations in Central America and Chile. While these communities have long been known for their success as business entrepreneurs, significant numbers joined Latin American revolutionary movements from the 1950s onwards. Against a backdrop of rising Third World solidarity, this new generation of activists came into increasing contact with the nascent Palestinian liberation struggle as they sought to link their local activism to a global picture of anti-imperial resistance. Yet they also had to contend with hostility among fellow Palestinians in Latin America who often viewed involvement in left-wing activism as a threat to their economic interests. The project explores the complexity and specificity of these diasporic spaces, providing new insight on the struggles involved in forming south-south solidarities in the mid-20th century. From indigenous demands for land reform in El Salvador, to student movements in Chile, to the Sandinista uprising in Nicaragua, Palestinian revolutionaries in Latin America were embedded within distinctly local socio-political contexts. At the same time, their activism frequently forced them into clandestine lifestyles as they escaped persecution and sought to build new ties of solidarity. Using carefully chosen case studies, the research probes this interplay between movement, localised space and revolutionary activism through a combination of ethnographic and documentary sources, reconstructing the networks of kin and ideology that sustained diasporic Palestinians in their precarious journeys across disparate locations. The research is geared towards 3 main outputs. Firstly, an article in a leading journal of global history will look at Santiago de Chile as a hub for Palestinian revolutionary activists from across Latin America and the Middle East in order to make a broader intervention in how global historians can explore south-south solidarities in the era of Third World revolution. Secondly, an international conference and resulting special issue will establish a new, collective research agenda looking at the Arab diaspora's historic engagement with the Palestinian struggle. Thirdly, the project will digitise materials held in Chile, El Salvador and France to produce 3 new collections and 2 digital stories in the Planet Bethlehem Archive, an online resource that documents the diasporic heritage of Bethlehem - the town that produced the majority of Palestinian migration to the Americas.The project will make these outputs useful to key stakeholders beyond the academic sector through a consultative engagement programme that sees the PI partnering with archives and cultural organisations in Latin America, as well as a group of diasporic Palestinian writers and artists, to shape collectively a series of public events, educational materials and media publications. The PI will also draft a book aimed at a general readership which tells the story of Latin America's entanglement with the Palestinian struggle in the 20th century.