SENSORY ALTERATIONS OF CRANIOFACIAL FORM

该项目有三个具体目标：1)扩大对 确定本体感觉反馈改变对 神经肌肉系统和头面部形态对触觉的反应 刺激舌头；2)确定程序化的 感觉刺激可能改变头面部肌肉和颅骨；3) 确定慢性运动神经刺激对脑功能的直接影响 头骨。恒河猴将作为实验动物和 电极将被长期植入中脑 三叉神经核对三叉神经运动神经元的突触募集 运动系统，并直接在运动核内。刺激措施将是 以两种不同的频率(即连续5秒和30秒)施加 每分钟10秒)对于相同的脉冲总数 单侧修复下颌提升肌和二腹肌。 刺激将由自由运行的恒流脉冲施加 发电机。肌肉将通过肌电图、组织化学进行分析 和计算机断层扫描来确定神经肌肉的长期变化 系统对特定的刺激参数进行调整。头骨骨骼将会是 通过标准射线照片和计算机断层扫描进行分析以确定 预计将在12个月内发生的长期变化。 该提案的长期目标是确定 主动肌肉募集的频率特征 排泄量、排泄量和总持续时间将改变骨密度 或者重塑骨骼。该项目基于肌肉具有的概念 修改骨骼的特定属性以及这些特定属性 驻扎在积极招募机动部队的部队中，以一定的频率 强度。该项目强调头面部肌肉是关键之一。 在重塑下颌骨的某些方面的因素。两国之间的相互作用 形式和功能在正畸治疗领域很重要， 头面部和整形外科的生长和发育，以及 这个项目关注的是肌肉可能与骨骼相关的那些方面。 重塑。

This project has three specific aims: 1) Extending the study on determining the effects of altered proprioceptive feedback on the neuromuscular system and craniofacial morphology in response to tactile stimulation of the tongue; 2) Determine what characteristics of programmed sensory stimulation may modify craniofacial muscles and cranioskeleton; 3) Determine the direct effect of chronic motor nerve stimulation on the cranioskeleton. Rhesus monkeys will be used as the experimental animal and electrodes will be chronically implanted within the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus to synaptically recruit motor neurons of the trigeminal motor system, and directly within the motor nucleus. The stimulus will be applied at two different frequencies (i.e. 5/sec continuously and 30/sec for 10 sec of every minute) for the same total number of pulses to unilaterally recuit mandibular elevator muscles and the digastric muscle. The stimulation will be applied by a free running constant current pulse generator. Muscles will be analyzed by electromyography, histochemistry and computer tomography to ascertain long-term changes in the neuromuscular system to specific stimulation parameters. The cranioskeleton will be analyzed by standard radiographs and computer tomography to ascertain for the long-term changes which are expected to occur within 12 months. The long-term objectives of the proposal are to determine what characteristics of active muscle recruitment in terms of frequency of discharge, level of discharge and total duration, will modify bone density or reshape the bone. The project is based on the concept that muscle has specific properties that modify bone and that these specific properties reside in the active recruitment of motor units at a certain frequency and intensity. The project emphasizes that craniofacial muscles are one key factor in reshaping some aspects of the mandible. The interaction between form and function is important in the field of orthodontic treatment, growth and development of the craniofacial region, and orthopedics, and this project focuses on those aspects of muscle which might relate to bone reshaping.