CARDIORESPIRATORY PATTERNS DURING SLEEP AND SIDS RISK

目的是研究喙侧脑区 影响发育中动物睡眠期间的呼吸控制， 呼吸衰竭的机制可以理解的受害者 婴儿猝死综合征（SIDS）。 我们认为国家的影响 修改从嘴侧脑区到特定呼吸的下行输入 中脑和髓质的区域，并将发育中的有机体置于 通过不同程度地增强睡眠呼吸暂停综合征 上呼吸道作用。 我们进一步认为， 随着发育而变化。 一种新描述的边缘系统 投射到孤束核的唤醒系统， 臂旁脑桥和导水管周围灰质可能是一个大的组成部分 唤醒介导的上呼吸道肌肉激活，我们计划检查 在小猫的3个年龄呼吸模式的贡献。 的作用 呼吸系统发育中的喙结构将通过1） 检查大脑皮层特定区域的"自发"神经元活动， 腹侧前脑、中脑和延髓在睡眠和清醒时， 将该活动与上呼吸道和呼吸道模式相关联，以及2） 唤起喙部区域的活动并检查由此产生的影响 对呼吸性脑干区神经元活动和呼吸性脑干区神经元活动的影响 活动 微电极和微电极将放置在喙部区域 对清醒时的呼吸模式有明显的影响 状态和subserve功能由不同的状态改变，因此可能是一个 “清醒”的呼吸刺激成分。"神经元放电 慢波活动将记录在吻侧下丘脑区域 与温度控制有关，与运动有关的海马区 杏仁核的中央核，一个涉及到 "情感"唤起 我们将记录中脑投射部位的神经元 在这些区域中，尾侧导水管周围灰质（投射到 面、颏舌、喉和腹部运动前细胞 运动神经元），臂旁核，和kolliker-bronchiales核。 臂旁脑桥，以及在后疑核， 髓质 呼吸模式依赖性将从交叉- 电池放电与隔膜图案化方面的相关性， 喉外展肌（环甲肌）和上气道扩张器（ 环杓后肌）;回归程序将确定 与呼吸循环和血液的关系 压力，用植入的导管测量。 相平面图将是 用于评估呼吸模式和神经元的非线性方面 放电 诱发的活动将包括加热和冷却的 视前区操纵温度"驱动"呼吸， 每个睡眠-清醒状态。

The objective is to examine the mechanisms by which rostral brain areas affect respiratory control during sleep in the developing animal so that mechanisms of respiratory failure can be understood in victims of the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). We suggest that state influences modify descending input from rostral brain regions to specific respiratory areas of the midbrain and medulla, and place the developing organism at risk for obstructive sleep apnea by differentially enhancing diaphragmatic over upper airway action. We further suggest that the extent of influence from rostral areas changes with development. A newly described limbic arousal system that project to the nucleus of the solitary tract, parabrachial pons, and periaqueductal gray may underlie a large component of arousal-mediated upper airway muscle activation, and we plan to examine contributions to respiratory patterns at 3 ages in the kitten. The role of rostral structures in respiratory development will be studied by 1) examining "spontaneous" neuronal activity in particular regions of the ventral forebrain, midbrain, and medulla during sleep and waking, and relating this activity to upper airway nad diaphragmatic patterning, and 2) evoking activity in rostral regions and examining the resultant influence on neuronal activity in respiratory brainstem regions and on respiratory activity. Micro- and microelectrodes will be placed in rostral regions that have a demonstrated effect on respiratory patterning in the waking state and subserve functions altered by different states, and thus may be a component of the respiratory stimulus of "wakefulness." Neuronal discharge and slow-wave activity will be recorded in rostral hypothalamic regions implicated in temperature control, hippocampal regions related to motor patterning, and the central nucleus of the amygdala, an area implicated in "affective" arousal. We will record neurons in midbrain projection sites of these regions, the caudal lateral periaqueductal gray (which projects to premotor cells of facial, genioglossal, laryngeal, and abdominal motoneurons), the nucleus parabrachiales, and the Kolliker-Fuse nuclei of the parabrachial pons, as well as in the retroambiguus nucleus of the medulla. Respiratory pattern dependencies will be determined from cross- correlations of cell discharge with aspects of patterning of the diaphragm, a laryngeal abductor ( the cricothyroid), and an upper airway dilator (the posterior cricoarytenoid); regression procedures will determine relationships with aspects of the respiratory cycle and with blood pressure, measured with an implanted catheter. Phase-plane plots will be used to assess nonlinear aspects of respiratory patterning and neuronal discharge. Evoked activity will include warming and cooling of the preoptic region to manipulate temperature "drive" to respiration during each sleep-waking state.