SEASONALITY AND HEALTH IN LOW-INCOME AREAS

本项目的主要目标是获得一个更好的 了解收入波动对健康的影响， 疾病流行率变异的成本，通过一个全面的 审查低收入国家农村地区的季节性。 四个发展中国家农村地区的纵向数据- 孟加拉国，印度，巴基斯坦和菲律宾-将根据 一个动态的经济模型，包括生产阶段，生物 消费、工作活动和健康之间的关系;健康 生产率效应;储蓄;不确定性;信贷和劳动力市场 不完美 作物生产的阶段允许在以下方面有所不同： 食物的供应，疾病的暴露，劳动力的需求， 不确定性的解决，信贷成本以及 卫生生产力的影响在劳动力市场得到补偿。 数据 套提供营养摄入，疾病，活动和人体测量 在12至36个月的时间内定期收集测量数据。 此外，还提供了按生产分列的生产投入资料 按作物周期划分的阶段和产出，以及资产库存和销售。 第一 该项目的组成部分需要全面比较说明， 四个国家的季节性，重点是季节性 种植模式的波动，非农就业的可用性， 价格和工资、疾病、消费和健康 不同的财富阶层和不同年龄和性别的个人之间。 然后，关于消费、疾病和活动的个人水平数据将 用于估计观察到的劳动力波动的近因 生产力以及健康和营养状况。 农业生产 还将对包含健康的功能进行估计，以评估成本 健康波动。 测试信贷市场的能力， 消除消费和健康之间的差距， 由于平滑问题而产生的非农劳动生产率也将 被执行。 该研究项目还审查了 资源的季节性分配和转移机制。 此组件 将涉及简化形式和结构估计的组合 技术，其中近似生产阶段的决策规则， 一阶条件来自该模型的估计。

The major objective of this proposed project is to obtain a better understanding of the health consequences of income fluctuations and the costs of variability in disease prevalence through a comprehensive examination of seasonality in rural areas of low-income countries. Longitudinal data from rural areas of four developing countries - Bangladesh, India, Pakistan and the Philippines - will be analyzed based on a dynamic economic model that incorporates production stages, biological relationships among consumption, work activities and health; health productivity effects; savings; uncertainty, and credit and labor market imperfections. Stages of crop production are allowed to differ in terms of the availability of food, the exposure to disease, the demand for labor, the resolution of uncertainty, the cost of credit and the extent to which health productivity effects are compensated in the labor market. The data sets provide nutrition intake, illness, activity and anthropometric measures collected at regular intervals over a period of 12 to 36 months. In addition, information is available on production inputs by production stage and outputs by crop-cycle, and on asset stocks and sales. The first component of the project entails a comprehensive comparative description of seasonality in each of the four countries with focus on seasonal fluctuations in cropping patterns, the availability of off-farm employment, prices and wages, illness, consumption and health among households in different wealth classes and among individuals differing by age and sex. The individual-level data on consumption, illness, and activities will then be used to estimate the proximate causes of observed fluctuations in labor productivity and in health and nutritional status. Agricultural production functions that incorporate health will also be estimated to assess the cost of health fluctuations. Tests of the ability of credit markets to enable smoothing of consumption and health and of discrepancies between on and off-farm labor productivity that arise due to smoothing problems will also be performed. The research project also examines the determinants of the seasonal allocation of resources and transfer mechanisms. This component will involve a combination of reduced form and structural estimation techniques in which approximations to production-stage decision rules and first-order conditions derived from the model are estimated.