THE NEW EPIDEMIOLOGY: ROBERT KOCH AND CHOLERA

1880年以后，医学细菌学的发展异常迅速， 其最突出的成就是确定了 许多严重的和社会破坏性的传染性微生物因子 疾病 新知识是潜在有用的知识， 细菌学知识和技术的应用几乎开始于 立即 一个重要的应用领域是研究 疾病在患病人群中的传播。 这是 流行病学的传统领域。 往往是一个人的组合， 流行病学家兼细菌学家试图从各个方面 疾病的细菌理论，已经清楚地认识到， 为长期存在的公共卫生问题提供了严格的科学基础。 这项建议的重点是流行病学家的历史研究， 新细菌学的合理使用和有效利用。 支持 罗伯特·科赫在这一奋进中起了带头作用。 分析他的研究亚洲霍乱（埃及，1983年，提供了一个 概念和技术基线;然后汉堡，1892年至1893年）和伤寒 发烧（Ruhrgebiet，ca. 1890-1910年），以及对 评论家们，将展示实验室科学是如何被引入到 调查和展示拟议卫生措施的性质，以及 由于这些调查的结果。 核心问题包括： 健康的载体，公共机构的重组， 行政权力，以适应新的技术程序和 为企业创造群众支持。 本研究构成 申请人准备一部现代生物学史的目标的一部分， 重点放在1850年至1910年之间的创新年代。

The progress of medical bacteriology after 1880 was extraordinarily rapid, its most conspicuous accomplishment being the identification of the microbial agents of numerous severe and socially disruptive communicable diseases. The new knowledge was potentially useful knowledge and application of bacteriological understanding and techniques began almost immediately. An important field of application was the study of the movement of disease through an afflicted human population. This was the traditional territory of epidemiology. Often combined in a single person, the epidemiologist-bacteriologist attempted to exploit diverse aspects of the germ theory of disease, having recognized clearly the unique promise of a rigorous scientific foundation for long-standing public-health concerns. The focus of this proposal is historical study of the epidemiologist's appropriation and effective utilization of the new bacteriology. Supported by talented associates, Robert Koch took the lead in this endeavor. Analysis of his study of Asiatic cholera (Egypt, 1983, affording a conceptual and technical baseline; then Hamburg, 1892-1893) and typhoid fever (Ruhrgebiet, ca. 1890-1910), as well as assessment of the response of critics, will show how laboratory science was introduced into field investigation and exhibit the nature of the hygienic measures proposed and imposed as a result of these inquiries. Central issues include the notion of the healthy carrier, the restructuring of public institutions and administrative powers to accommodate new technical procedures and the creation of popular support for the enterprise. This study constitutes part of the applicant's goal of preparing a hitory of modern epidmiology, emphasis falling on the innovative years between 1850 and 1910.