Spatial characterisation of wind impacts in an urban environment

相关性和科学价值在规划具有弹性的城市环境时，了解气候风险是什么以及在哪里至关重要。一些研究已经量化和/或制作了与温度或降水有关的当前和未来风险的空间图。这些工具为决策者和其他利益攸关方提供了宝贵的决策支持工具。然而，鉴于气候影响的范围和多样性，有必要向决策利害关系方提供尽可能完整的信息，以避免适应不当。在大曼彻斯特，就极端天气事件的数量和严重程度而言，风灾仅次于洪水，对当地基础设施和/或人口产生了负面影响。因此，在不断增长的关于温度和降水模式的知识体系中增加风影响的综合风险评估，将提供对气候影响的更全面的说明，并突出处于特殊风险中的城市地区或特定建筑物，在规划可持续和舒适的未来城市环境时，应该是一个高度优先事项。城市环境中的气流模式很复杂，因此很难提供有用的空间尺度信息。然而，随着城市地区详细的数字高程数据的出现，三维几何形状的建模成为可能，这是描述风暴露的一个重要因素。三维的几何形状可以连接到现有的土地利用和地表覆盖分类，并使用城市作为实验室的实验工作，可以用来与当地的特点，城市流模式。这项工作的产出将提供一个有价值的手段，验证和扩展现有的城市分类方案，建立算法，可用于快速的空间特征的流模式。该算法将被转移到其他英国和欧洲城市，并将可扩展（次公里到城市规模），受输入数据的分辨率。项目AIMThe这个项目的目的是开发一个更好地了解气流模式在城市环境中，使用大曼彻斯特的案例研究领域。该研究将利用有关土地利用、地表覆盖和三维几何形状的信息，以及测量数据，评估风对当地人口和基础设施的影响。这些产出将在不同的空间尺度上提供，同时考虑到更广泛的城市区域和更局部化的流动模式。研究结果将在空气质量，热不适和结构损坏方面的影响。

RELEVANCE AND SCIENTIFIC VALUEUnderstanding what and where the climate risks are is essential when planning for resilient urban environments. Several studies have quantified and/or produced spatial maps of temperature- or precipitation-related current and future risks. These offer a valuable decision-support tool for policymakers and other stakeholders. However, given the range and diversity of climate impacts it is necessary to provide decision-making stakeholders with as complete information as possible in order to avoid mal-adaptation. In Greater Manchester wind damage is second only to flooding in terms of the quantity and severity of extreme weather events, which have negatively impacted on the local infrastructure and/or population. Therefore, the addition of a comprehensive risk assessment of wind impacts to the growing body of knowledge on temperature and precipitation patterns will provide a more holistic account of climate impacts, and highlight urban areas or specific buildings which are at particular risk, and ought to be a high priority when planning for sustainable and comfortable future urban environments. Patterns of air flow in an urban environment are complex and it is therefore difficult to provide information at a useful spatial scale. However, with the advent of detailed digital elevation data for urban areas it becomes possible to characterise the three dimensional geometry, which is an important factor in describing exposure to wind. The three dimensional geometry can be linked to existing land use and surface cover categorisations, and experimental work using the city as a laboratory can be used to relate the local characteristics to urban flow patterns. The outputs from this work will provide a valuable means of verifying and extending existing urban classification schemes by establishing algorithms which can be used for rapid spatial characterisation of flow patterns. The algorithms will be transferable to other UK and European cities and will be scalable (sub-kilometre to city-scale), subject to the resolution of input data.PROJECT AIMThe aim of this project is to develop a better understanding of airflow patterns within an urban environment, using the case study area of Greater Manchester. The study will use information about land use, surface cover and 3-dimensional geometry, together with measured data to assess the risk to the local population and infrastructure of wind impacts. The outputs will be provided across spatial scales, taking into account the wider city region and also more localised flow patterns. The findings will be presented with respect to the implications for air quality, thermal discomfort and structural damage.