Studying the effects of real human hands on energy absorbed inside the head when using mobile phones

移动电话已迅速成为当今世界许多社会不可或缺的一部分；据估计，移动电话用户超过45亿。虽然蓝牙和有线免提套件很受欢迎，但绝大多数语音通话都是用手拿在头侧的手机进行的。手机发射的射频辐射的最大水平受到仔细的控制，因为其中一些能量被人体吸收，主要是在头和手中。手机按照严格的标准进行测试，以确保头部吸收的辐射低于国际标准。尽管手在大多数现实生活中的语音通话中扮演着重要的角色，但测试程序不包括手。这是因为一些研究人员在过去已经证明，手会减少头部吸收的能量，因此将手排除在测量之外被认为是一个保守的估计。随着最近电话技术的发展，如更小的手机、内部天线和更高的工作频率，研究人员表明，手可以显著增加进入头部的辐射。然而，这些发现尚未得到充分的调查和理解。这项研究计划将开展一项以志愿者为基础的全面调查，观察手如何影响头部吸收的能量。通过招募数百名志愿者，我们将试图将头部吸收的辐射与手的大小和体积、手机握手方式和手指位置、皮肤传导性等因素联系起来。在实验期间，我们使用一个包含数百个微型电子传感器的高度复杂的头部模型来测量能量吸收率。通过对收集到的数据进行详细的统计分析，我们将能够确定使用公众手机的比例可能会经历能量吸收的增加。在平行研究中，我们的目标是揭示手如何影响手机的电池寿命，以及手机的辐射能量是否会随着时间的推移而因磨损而变化。

Mobile phones have rapidly become indispensable in many societies around the world today; it is estimated that there are more than 4.5 billion mobile phone users. Although Bluetooth and wired hand-free kits are popular, a vast majority of voice calls are made with the phone held at the side of the head by the hand. The maximum levels of radio frequency radiation transmitted from mobile phones are carefully regulated because some of that energy is absorbed in the body, mainly in the head and hand. Mobile phones are tested to strict standards to ensure the radiation absorbed in the head is below international guidelines. Although the hand plays an important role in most real-life voice calls, the testing procedures do not include the hand. This is because some researchers in the past have shown that the hand reduces the energy absorbed in the head and so excluding the hand from the measurement was thought to provide a conservative estimate. With recent developments in phone technologies such as smaller handsets, internal antennas and higher operating frequencies, researchers have shown that the hand can significantly increase the radiation into the head. However, these findings have yet to be fully investigated and understood. This research proposal will carry out a comprehensive volunteer-based investigation looking at how the hand influences the energy absorbed inside the head. By recruiting hundreds of volunteers, we will attempt to link the radiation absorbed inside the head to factors such as hand size and volume, phone grip style and finger positions, skin conductivity etc. Energy absorption rates are measured during the experiments by using a highly sophisticated model of a head that contains hundreds of miniature electrical sensors. By performing detailed statistical analysis on the gathered data, we will be able to determine what proportion of the mobile phone using public is likely to experience an increase in the energy absorbed. In parallel studies, we aim to uncover how the hand influences the battery life of mobile phones and if the radiated energy from mobile phones change due to wear and tear over time.