DEVELOPMENT OF AMINE NEURONS AND ASSOCIATED BEHAVIORS

含有单胺的神经元普遍存在于脊椎动物和 无脊椎动物。神经元的5-羟色胺能系统尤其具有 受到广泛关注，因为5-羟色胺与多种 重要的行为过程和障碍：例如，睡眠， 运动和精神疾病。在龙虾Homarus americanus 5-羟色胺和章鱼胺在以下情况下会导致持续的相反姿势 注射到自由活动的动物体内。这些姿势是由胺引起的。 指导中央运动程序的屈曲(5-羟色胺)和 延伸剂(章鱼胺)。我们已经找到了主要的储存地点和 在龙虾体内释放这些胺，并发现了单个神经元 可能含有5-羟色胺，可能计划在 姿势。通过这一应用，我们建议研究 单胺类神经元、它们的靶标和姿势控制。建议数 研究分为三大类-(1)神经发生：使用 免疫细胞化学和放射自显影方法，我们将研究 5-羟色胺和章鱼胺出现的发育时间表 神经元，并将决定分化的时间序列 注定含有单胺的神经元。我们亦会展开以下研究： 龙虾胚胎中的轴突生长和细胞谱系。(2)突触发生 和功能的发展：利用超微结构、生化和 生理学方法，我们将研究胺神经元何时开始起作用 与我们正在研究的行为(姿势的调节)有关。 最终，我们希望将氨基能的超微结构特征联系起来。 终端具有工作正常的发射器释放机构。 我们还将询问屈曲和伸展的运动程序是(1) 首先对胺敏感，(2)首先对激活有反应 鉴定出了胺能神经元。(3)发展过程中的营养影响： 有了这些研究，我们将会问，中枢和外周元素是否 在没有内源性胺的情况下，姿势系统正常发育。 最终，我们希望消融与姿势有关的已识别神经元 控制；这样的技术将使我们能够研究个人的影响 胺能神经元对行为个体发生的影响。 我们认为，通过将注意力集中在少数解剖学上 和功能上可识别的单胺神经元和相对简单的 他们参与的行为，我们可以得出一个更好的 对其形态和生理发育的认识 单胺系统及其相关行为。我们期待着 从这些研究中得出的概括性将在更高的 有机体也是如此。

Monoamine-containing neurons are universally present in vertebrate and invertebrate organisms. Serotonergic systems of neurons in particular have received wide attention because serotonin has been implicated in a variety of important behavioral processes and disorders: for example, sleep, locomotion, and mental illness. In the lobster Homarus americanus serotonin and octopamine induce sustained and opposite postures when injected into freely moving animals. These postures result from amines directing the readout of central motor programs for flexion (serotonin) and extension (octopamine). We have located the major sites of storage and release of these amines in lobsters, and have found individual neurons likely to contain serotonin that may plan a role in the generation of the postures. With this application, we propose to study the development of monoamine neurons, their targets, and postural control. The proposed studies fall into three major categories- (1) Neurogenesis: Using immunocytochemical and autoradiographic methods, we will study the developmental timetable for the appearance of serotonin and octopamine in neurons, and will determine the temporal sequence of differentiation of neurons destined to contain monoamines. We will also initiate studies of axonal outgrowth and cell lineages in lobster embryos. (2) Synaptogenesis and the development of function: Using ultrastructural, biochemical, and physiological methods, we will study when amine neurons begin to function in relation to the behaviors we are studying (the regulation of posture). Ultimately, we hope to correlate ultrastructural features of aminergic terminals with the onset of a functioning transmitter release mechanism. We will also ask when the motor programs for flexion and extension are (1) first sensitive to amines and (2) first responsive to activation of identified aminergic neurons. (3) Trophic influences during development: With these studies we will ask whether central and peripheral elements of the postural system develop normally in the absence of endogenous amines. Ultimately, we hope to ablate identified neurons involved in postural control; such techniques will allow us to study the influence of individual aminergic neurons on the ontogenesis of behavior. We believe that by focusing our attention on a small number of anatomically and functionally identifiable monoamine neurons and the relatively simple behavior in which they are involved, we can arrive at a better understanding of the morphological and physiological development of monoamine systems and their associated behaviors. We expect that generalities that emerge from these studies will be relevant in higher organisms as well.