DEVELOPMENT OF AMINE NEURONS AND ASSOCIATED BEHAVIORS

含单胺神经元普遍存在于脊椎动物中， 无脊椎生物 神经元的血清素能系统特别具有 受到广泛关注，因为血清素与多种 重要的行为过程和障碍：例如，睡眠， 运动和精神疾病 在美洲龙虾中 血清素和章鱼胺诱导持续和相反的姿势， 注射到自由活动的动物体内 这些姿势是由胺引起的 指导屈曲（5-羟色胺）的中枢运动程序的读出， 延伸（章鱼胺）。 我们已经找到了主要的储存地点， 这些胺在龙虾中的释放，并已发现个别神经元 可能含有血清素，可能计划在产生的作用， 姿势 通过这一应用，我们建议研究 单胺神经元，它们的目标，和姿势控制。 拟议 研究分为三大类-（1）神经发生：使用 免疫细胞化学和放射自显影方法，我们将研究 5-羟色胺和章鱼胺出现的发育时间表 神经元，并将决定分化的时间顺序， 神经元注定含有单胺。 我们亦会展开研究， 龙虾胚胎的轴突生长和细胞谱系。 (2)突触发生 和功能的发展：利用超微结构，生化， 生理学方法，我们将研究何时胺神经元开始起作用 与我们正在研究的行为（姿势调节）有关。 最终，我们希望将胺能神经元的超微结构特征 发射机释放机制开始运作的终端。 我们还将询问何时屈曲和伸展的运动程序是（1） 首先对胺敏感，和（2）首先响应于 确定了胺能神经元。 (3)发育过程中的营养影响： 通过这些研究，我们会问， 姿势系统在缺乏内源性胺的情况下正常发育。 最终，我们希望消融与姿势有关的已识别神经元， 控制;这样的技术将使我们能够研究个人的影响， 胺能神经元对行为个体发育的影响。 我们相信，通过将注意力集中在少数解剖学上， 和功能上可识别的单胺神经元， 他们参与的行为，我们可以达到一个更好的 了解的形态和生理发展， 单胺系统及其相关行为。 我们预计 从这些研究中出现的一般性将与高等教育有关。 有机体也是。

Monoamine-containing neurons are universally present in vertebrate and invertebrate organisms. Serotonergic systems of neurons in particular have received wide attention because serotonin has been implicated in a variety of important behavioral processes and disorders: for example, sleep, locomotion, and mental illness. In the lobster Homarus americanus serotonin and octopamine induce sustained and opposite postures when injected into freely moving animals. These postures result from amines directing the readout of central motor programs for flexion (serotonin) and extension (octopamine). We have located the major sites of storage and release of these amines in lobsters, and have found individual neurons likely to contain serotonin that may plan a role in the generation of the postures. With this application, we propose to study the development of monoamine neurons, their targets, and postural control. The proposed studies fall into three major categories- (1) Neurogenesis: Using immunocytochemical and autoradiographic methods, we will study the developmental timetable for the appearance of serotonin and octopamine in neurons, and will determine the temporal sequence of differentiation of neurons destined to contain monoamines. We will also initiate studies of axonal outgrowth and cell lineages in lobster embryos. (2) Synaptogenesis and the development of function: Using ultrastructural, biochemical, and physiological methods, we will study when amine neurons begin to function in relation to the behaviors we are studying (the regulation of posture). Ultimately, we hope to correlate ultrastructural features of aminergic terminals with the onset of a functioning transmitter release mechanism. We will also ask when the motor programs for flexion and extension are (1) first sensitive to amines and (2) first responsive to activation of identified aminergic neurons. (3) Trophic influences during development: With these studies we will ask whether central and peripheral elements of the postural system develop normally in the absence of endogenous amines. Ultimately, we hope to ablate identified neurons involved in postural control; such techniques will allow us to study the influence of individual aminergic neurons on the ontogenesis of behavior. We believe that by focusing our attention on a small number of anatomically and functionally identifiable monoamine neurons and the relatively simple behavior in which they are involved, we can arrive at a better understanding of the morphological and physiological development of monoamine systems and their associated behaviors. We expect that generalities that emerge from these studies will be relevant in higher organisms as well.