EXEMPLAR-BASED PROCESSING IN SOCIAL JUDGEMENT

现有的社会判断理论涉及信息整合 过程或使用一般的、示意性的知识。作为一种 作为替代方案，该提案概述了一种新的基于范例的社会模式 强调感知者的具体情况的重要作用的判断 过去的经历。该模型建立在三个假设之上：(1)样本 对象解释表示时，表示将存储在内存中 感知器，并被检索以做出社会判断，在一种类型的 内隐记忆。(2)目标刺激起到了提示作用 从记忆中检索最相似的样本。相似性不是 一组刺激的固定属性，但取决于感知器如何 处理它们，特别是根据感知者的注意力有多一致 不同的刺激维度(Medin&Schaffer，1978)。(3)一个范围 内在的社会和动机因素，包括感知者 个人差异，过去的经历，自我图式，社会 背景和内部群体-外部群体动态对社会有影响 通过影响感知者对维度的注意力来进行判断。这三个人 假设构成了一个框架，理论上统一了 整合了一系列已知的社会影响，通过展示 他们都是通过共同的基于范例的判断来运作的 机制。该框架还提出了可检验的新预测。 提出了11个实验和计算机模拟来 进一步发展和检验这一理论。这样做的长期目标是 研究是为了增加我们对社会和认知的认识 涉及社会判断的过程--特别是 接受者过去的经验和社会知识(包括刻板印象 社会群体)对目标人群的感知和反应以及 组。刻板印象和人的感知过程至关重要 在许多领域都很重要，包括精神诊断、密切的个人 关系，以及组间关系。

Existing theories of social judgement involve information integration processes or the use of general, schematic knowledge. As an alternative, this proposal outlines a new exemplar-based model of social judgement that emphasizes the important role of the perceiver's specific past experiences. The model rests on three postulates: (1) Exemplar representations are stored in memory as they are interpreted by the perceiver and are retrieved to make social judgements, in a type of implicit memory. (2) A target stimulus serves as a cue for the retrieval of the most similar exemplars from memory. Similarity is not a fixed property of a set of stimuli, but depends on how perceivers process them, and specifically on how much attention perceivers accord to the various stimulus dimensions (Medin & Schaffer 1978). (3) A range of intrinsically social and motivational factors, including perceiver individual differences, past experiences, self-schemas, the social context, and ingroup-outgroup dynamics, have their effects on social judgement by affecting perceivers' attention to dimensions. These three postulates constitute a framework that theoretically unifies and integrates a range of known social influences on judgement by showing that they all operate through a common exemplar-based judgement mechanism. The framework also suggests testable new predictions. Eleven experiments as well as computer stimulations are proposed to further develop and test this theory. The long-term objective of this research is to increase our understanding of the social and cognitive processes involved in social judgement-- particularly effects of the perceiver's past experience and social knowledge (including stereotypes of social groups) on perceptions of and reactions to target persons and groups. Stereotypes and person perception processes are crucially important in many areas including psychiatric diagnosis, close personal relationships, and intergroup relations.