Challenging RISK: Achieving Resilience by Integrating Societal and Technical Knowledge

该项目涉及以社会综合方式减轻城市环境中的多种结构风险，重点是地震和火灾的相关风险。火灾是地震后建筑物损坏的最大原因。迄今为止，这一研究领域在很大程度上被忽视，因为它跨越了地震和消防安全工程知识领域之间的界限。这些因素的结合增加了每个不同领域已经存在的风险估计方面的挑战。目前还没有普遍接受的方法来说明加固措施对建筑物地震脆弱性的影响（更不用说地震后的火灾）。在消防安全工程的情况下，由于缺乏必要的输入数据，目前存在的几个可靠的技术损害估计或基于风险的设计。该项目将通过大规模的结构测试和计算分析，为这些问题开发新的技术工程解决方案。而且，这些技术工程解决方案将首次明确考虑到它们将在其中颁布的社会背景。世纪的工程必须提供有效和实用的多灾害风险缓解解决方案，以应对日益增长的城市化，过度紧张的服务和脆弱的基础设施的背景。因此，风险管理将制定和全面优化减轻多种灾害风险的战略，从而在当地社区建立具有弹性的物理基础设施。它提出了基础工程研究，导致对现有混凝土结构对地震和火灾的反应有了新的认识，并从长远角度将学到的经验教训扩展到其他灾害。与此同时，它将通过采用参与性公民科学技术，将关于个人和社会风险认知的现有研究扩展到社区一级，从而设计和实施有效的减灾宣传活动。与社区、地方当局和建筑业的互动也将反馈到实验方案中，以便只调查满足这些利益攸关方要求的结构加固方案。我们的最终目标是增加结构性和非结构性减灾措施的采用，从而减少生命和经济损失。我们将对现有的钢筋混凝土结构在地震和火灾危险下的性能（单独和顺序）产生新的知识，旨在开发基于性能的评估和结构减灾的综合框架。我们将与社区接触，以确定“可接受的”业绩，为技术方案和有效实施手段提供信息。将对代表非抗震设计建筑物的结构元件和子组合件进行大规模实验研究，这些建筑物已使用纤维增强聚合物（FRP）进行加固，以改善地震反应。这些元件将承受地震荷载，然后承受火灾（反之亦然）。这些结果将为FRP加固设计提供信息，以实现火灾和地震荷载下的多种性能状态。与此同时，在技术和社会两个层面进行干预的面向行动的研究将被用来在个人和社区两个层面了解火灾和地震风险的风险认知和代表性，并在伦敦、西雅图和大坂进行具体的干预。例如，将通过地震监测结合使用智能手机进行的感知调查以及使用社交媒体记录火灾风险和事件来实现这一目标。这部分研究的结果将有助于开展有效的宣传，以提高认识，进而采取行动。

This project is concerned with socially integrated mitigation of multiple structural risks in the urban environment, with a focus on the linked risks of earthquake and fire. Fire is the largest contributor to building damage following earthquakes. To date, this research area has largely been ignored as it crosses the boundaries between the knowledge areas of earthquake and fire safety engineering. The combination of factors adds to the challenges in risk estimation already existing in each distinct area. There is currently no universally accepted method for accounting for the effect of strengthening practices on building vulnerability to earthquakes (let alone earthquakes followed by fire). In the case of fire safety engineering, few credible techniques for damage estimation or risk-based design currently exist due to a lack of requisite input data. This project will develop, through large scale structural testing and computational analysis, new technical engineering solutions to these problems. And, for the first time, these technical engineering solutions will be developed explicitly accounting for the social context within which they are to be enacted. 21st Century engineering must provide effective and practical multi-hazard risk mitigation solutions against a background of growing urbanisation, overstretched services and vulnerable infrastructure. Thus, Challenging RISK will develop and holistically optimise strategies for the mitigation of multi-hazard risks, leading to resilient physical infrastructure within local communities. It proposes fundamental engineering research leading to new understanding of the response of existing concrete structures to earthquake and fire, with a long-term view to extend the lessons learned to other hazards. Simultaneously, it will design and implement effective mitigation promotion campaigns by extending existing research on individual and societal risk perception to community level through adoption of participatory citizen science techniques. The interaction with communities, local authorities and construction industry, will also feed back into the experimental programme, such that only structural strengthening options that meet the requirements of these stakeholders will be investigated. Our ultimate goal is to increase the uptake of structural and non-structural mitigation measures, resulting in reduced life and economic losses.We will produce new knowledge on the performance of existing reinforced concrete structures subjected to earthquake and fire hazards (individually and in sequence), with the aim of developing an integrated framework for performance-based assessment and structural mitigation. We will engage with communities to define "acceptable" performances, inform the technical programme and the means for effective implementation. Large-scale experimental studies will be carried out on structural elements and sub-assemblages representing non-seismically designed buildings that have been strengthened for improved seismic response using fibre reinforced polymers (FRP). The elements will be subjected to seismic loads and then to fire (and vice-versa). They will provide information for the design of FRP strengthening to achieve multiple performance states under the fire and earthquake loads. In parallel, action-oriented research, where interventions are carried out at both the technical and social levels, will be used to develop an understanding of risk perception and representation of fire and seismic risk at the individual and community levels, with specific interventions carried out in London, Seattle, and Osaka. This will be done, for example, through seismic monitoring combined with perceptions surveys using smartphones, and recording fire risks and incidents using social media. The results of this part of the study will assist in the development of effective communication to raise awareness, leading to action.