MAXFARM (MAXimizing wind Farm Aerodynamic Resource via advanced Modelling)

这是一个多学科项目，汇集了来自不同学术背景的研究人员，以解决海上风电场的可靠性，寿命和效率，并满足英国发电行业的需求。总体目标是降低英国需要的大型海上风电场的（平准化）发电成本，以满足减少二氧化碳排放的国家和国际目标。多学科方面反映了不同的，但在上下文中，链接的学科，并汇集了能源气象学，空气动力学和气动弹性，疲劳和结构力学，以及系统控制的日益增长的学科。也就是说，该方法是一种整体方法，将环境条件与其对每个转子的影响以及提高整个风电场性能的机制联系起来。气象因素至关重要，因为存在一系列的风流条件，使涡轮机以及-对于大型风电场来说很重要-涡轮机的尾流受到一系列不稳定条件的影响，这些条件已知会降低风电场的效率，并导致增加的结构损坏（与小规模陆上风电场相比）。这两种情况都增加了资本和运营成本。英国海上风能的能源潜力巨大，但海上风能在技术上仍处于相对早期的阶段。每个涡轮机对由风流动和上游涡轮机的尾流施加的各种条件的空气动力学响应取决于叶片的气动弹性行为、进而施加在涡轮机发电机上的负载以及涡轮机控制系统的响应。在大型风力发电场中，一台涡轮机的性能--主要是从风流中提取多少能量--会影响其尾流中风力涡轮机的性能、效率和寿命;涡轮机并非相互独立。事实上，大型海上风电场内风力涡轮机性能的所有方面，无论是功率输出，负载还是操作，都受到它们通过尾流相互作用的影响。因此，为了提高海上风能的成本效益，需要更好地了解通过风电场的流场。该项目将解决这个问题，并开发模型，以更好地代表流场，包括尾流和湍流。此外，利用这一点，将研究单个风力涡轮机上负载的含义，并探索控制策略的设计，以实现大型风力发电场的最佳运行，控制每个涡轮机，以将运营和维护成本保持在可接受的低水平，同时（受此约束）最大化发电场输出。

This is a multidisciplinary project that brings together researchers from different academic backgrounds in order to address reliability, lifetime and efficiency in offshore wind farms, and to meet the needs of the UK electricity generation industry. The overarching aim is the reduction of the (levelised) cost of generation of the large offshore wind farms that the UK will need in order to meet national and international objectives in the reduction of CO2 emissions. The multidisciplinary aspect reflects the different but, in context, linked disciplines and brings together the growing discipline of energy meteorology, of aerodynamics and aeroelasticity, of fatigue and structural mechanics, and of systems control. That is, the approach is a holistic one, linking the environmental conditions with their impact on each rotor and the mechanisms to improve farm performance as a whole.The meteorological contribution is essential because of the range of wind flow conditions that exist, subjecting the turbines and - importantly for large wind farms - the wakes of the turbines to a range of unsteady conditions that are known to reduce wind farm efficiency, and to cause increased structural damage (when compared to small-scale onshore wind farms). Both these contribute to increased capital and operating costs. The energy potential for the UK from offshore wind is huge, but offshore wind energy is still at a relatively early stage in technological terms. The aerodynamic response of each turbine to a variety of conditions imposed by the wind flow and the wakes of upstream turbines depends on the aeroelastic behaviour of the blades, the load in turn imposed upon the turbine generator, and the response by the turbine control system. In a large wind farm, the behaviour of one turbine - principally how much energy it is extracting from the wind flow - affects the behaviour, efficiency and lifetime of wind turbines in its wake; the turbines are not independent of each other. In fact, all aspects of the performance of wind turbines within large offshore wind farms, whether power output, loads or operations, are affected by their interaction through the wakes. Hence, to improve the cost effectiveness of offshore wind energy requires a better understanding of the flow-field through the wind farm. The project will address this issue and develop models to better represent the flow-field including the wakes and turbulence. Furthermore, capitalising on this, the implication for loads on the individual wind turbines will be investigated and the design of control strategies will be explored that achieve optimal operation of a large wind farm with each turbine controlled to keep operations and maintenance costs to acceptably low levels whilst (subject to this constraint) maximising farm output.