InfruTreeCity: Understanding Infrared radiative performance of urban trees for better future city

城市绿地和树木对人们的健康、热舒适、污染和降噪、可持续的城市排水和碳汇具有实质性的有益影响。这项研究的重点是城市树木在夏季热舒适性和降温能源消耗的背景下的辐射热性能，这些城镇在预计的气候变化下面临越来越大的热应力。树木和绿地具有显著的降温效益，从而有助于在城镇创造舒适的微气候。它们在改善城市热岛效应方面也是有效的，尽管程度较小。绿树成荫的建筑物的冷负荷减少了25%-50%，通常不再需要高耗能的机械冷却。由于缺乏基本的洞察力和量化信息，建筑设计师和城市规划者对城市环境中的树木和绿地的有效利用一直受到阻碍。研究发现，不同树种的树冠表面温度相差高达9摄氏度。为城市种植方案选择合适的树种对于最大限度地发挥其降温效果至关重要，但目前尚无系统信息。另一个障碍是缺乏综合的多学科方法来研究城市树木的热性能，在这种方法中，一棵树或一组树被视为“黑匣子”，即没有考虑基本的物理和(植物)生理过程，也没有考虑城市环境对这些过程的影响。因此，这些结果对其他城市环境的适用性有限。最重要的是，红外辐射占到达地球的太阳辐射的50%以上，在以前的研究中基本上没有考虑到这一点。这项拟议的研究旨在通过调查城市树木建造环境的相互作用，重点是红外辐射能量交换，并在防止城市夏季过热的背景下，克服这些障碍。具体目标包括：-首次基于将建筑和气候物理学与植物生理学相结合的多学科方法，量化选定的常见城市树木的辐射和其他降温机制，研究辐射能量交换、树木生理过程、城市建筑形式和材料以及树木形式和物种的影响；-为建筑/景观设计师和城市规划者提供指导，以有效地整合城镇中的树木，包括树种选择和适当的城市形式和建筑材料；-开发一个在线演示工具，以便快速获取和有效利用从工作中产生的结果和指导。

Urban green spaces and trees have substantial beneficial effects on people's health, thermal comfort, pollution and noise reduction, sustainable urban drainage and carbon sequestration. The proposed research focuses on the radiative thermal performance of urban trees in the context of summer thermal comfort and cooling energy consumption in towns and cities that are subject to increasing heat stress under projected climate change.Trees and green spaces offer significant cooling benefits, thereby helping to create comfortable micro-climates in towns and cities. They are also effective, though to a lesser extent, in ameliorating the urban heat island (UHI) effect. Buildings shaded by trees experience 25-50% reduction of cooling load, often removing the need for energy intensive mechanical cooling. The effective use of trees and green spaces in urban environments by building designers and urban planners has been impeded by the lack of fundamental insights and quantitative information. It has been found that tree species differ by up to 9C in their canopy surface temperatures. Choosing the right tree species for urban planting schemes is critical for maximizing their cooling effects, but systematic information is currently not available. A further obstacle is the lack of an integrated multidisciplinary approach to the investigation of thermal performance of urban trees, where a tree or a group of trees were treated as a 'black box' , i.e., without consideration of the fundamental physical and (plant) physiological processes, nor the influence of the urban environment on these processes. The results thus have limited applicability to other urban settings. Crucially, the consideration of infrared radiation, which accounts for over 50% of the solar radiation reaching the Earth, is largely missing in previous investigations. The proposed study aims to overcome these obstacles by investigating urban tree - built environment interactions, focusing on infrared radiative energy exchange, and in the context of prevention of summer overheating in cities. Specific objectives include:- quantify, for the first time, radiative and other cooling mechanisms of selected common urban trees based on a multidisciplinary approach that integrates building and climate physics with plant physiology, addressing radiative energy exchange, tree physiological processes, urban built forms and materials and the influences of tree forms and species;- provide guidance to building / landscape designers and urban planners for effective integration of trees in towns and cities including tree species selection and appropriate urban form and building materials; - develop an online presentation tool to allow rapid access to and effective utilisation of the results and guidance generated from the work.