DecarbonISation PAThways for Cooling and Heating (DISPATCH)

在英国，热量需求约占最终能源消耗的44%，目前主要通过燃烧天然气和石油获得，约占燃料份额的90%，而可再生能源仅提供一小部分。最近具有法律约束力的温室气体净零排放目标（苏格兰到2045年，英国到2050年）将真正考验我们国家的技术和工程能力以及创新能力。向净零排放过渡不仅需要技术上的彻底变革，还将对我们的社会产生深远的影响。需要一个有针对性的脱碳框架，建立在每个家庭和每个客户的参与和贡献的基础上，这样每个家庭和客户都可以找到最佳的位置和角色，作为更广泛的智能能源系统的一个全面运作的部分。这需要创新。DISPATCH声称，英国的净零转型应该以“自下而上”和“以用户为中心”的方式进行规划和实现，通过对个人客户资源的聚合、共享和控制来获得可扩展性和灵活性，以这样一种方式，寻找最佳解决方案总是从客户的需求开始，总是在不降低客户的舒适度和牺牲他们的福祉的情况下结束。DISPATCH将专注于住宅和典型商业应用（办公楼、教育设施等）供暖和制冷脱碳的多矢量能源解决方案。这些可以指定为通用参数化模型，而不是大中型工业和非家庭应用。我们的脱碳框架还将包括冷却，由于气候变化引起的全球变暖（自1884年以来，英国所有十个最热的年份都发生在2002年），预计冷却将会增加，但也由于可逆热泵提供自动或用户设置的温度调节。此外，由于通过供暖电气化实现净零转型需要电-热解决方案在各方面都优于目前占主导地位的天然气供暖基础设施，我们将使用供暖电气化作为“参考案例”，对其他考虑的脱碳路线进行比较评估和排名。可以说，提供灵活性和平衡服务的最大潜力是通过增加客户参与能源管理和协调英国2700万家庭和140万家中小企业的能源需求转移。然而，为了确保更广泛的客户参与并提高他们参与各种需求侧管理（DSM）计划的意愿，他们应该能够获得适当的能源交换和能源交易服务，以供他们自愿或基于利益的参与。DISPATCH将上述挑战视为探索不同能源载体的协同作用、互操作性和整体整合潜力的实际机会，以确定重塑和重新分配能源流的最具成本效益的解决方案。例如，我们将重新利用正常运行条件下使用的平衡和需求转移控制，作为紧急情况下自动频率响应的低成本资源，并将其与NGESO最近引入的稳定性采购作为辅助服务进行比较。

Heat demand in the UK accounts for around 44% of final energy consumption and is currently predominantly obtained by burning natural gas and oil, representing about 90% of the fuel share, while renewable energy sources supply only a fraction of it. Recent legally binding net-zero targets for greenhouse gas emissions (by 2045 in Scotland and by 2050 for the UK), will truly test our nation's technical and engineering competence and ability to innovate. The net-zero transition will not only require radical changes in technologies-it will also result in a profound impact on our society. A targeted decarbonisation framework, built from the participation and contribution of every home and every customer, is needed, so each of them may find optimal place and role as a fully functioning part of a wider smart energy system. This will require innovation.DISPATCH asserts that a net-zero transition in the UK should be planned and realised as a "bottom-up" and "user-centric" approach, where scalability and flexibility are obtained through the aggregation, sharing and control of the resources of individual customers, in such a way that the search for optimal solutions always starts with customers' needs and always ends without reducing customers' comfort levels and sacrificing their wellbeing. DISPATCH will focus on multi-vector energy solutions for decarbonisation of heating and cooling in residential and typical commercial applications (office buildings, educational facilities, etc.). These can be specified as generic parameterised models, as opposed to medium and large industrial and non-domestic applications. Our decarbonisation framework will also include cooling, which is anticipated to increase due to climate change-caused global warming (since 1884, all of the UK's ten warmest years occurred in years from 2002), but also due to provision of automatic or user-set temperature regulation by reversible heat pumps. Furthermore, as the net-zero transition through electrification of heating requires electrical-thermal solutions to be better in all aspects than the currently predominant natural gas infrastructure for heating, we will use electrification of heating as a "reference case" for comparative evaluation and ranking of other considered decarbonisation routes. Arguably, the highest potential for the provision of flexibility and balancing services is through increased customer participation in energy management and coordinated shifting of energy demands in the UK's 27 million homes and 1.4 million SMEs. However, to ensure wider customer engagement and to increase their willingness to take part in various demand-side management (DSM) schemes, they should be able to access appropriate energy exchange and energy trading services for their voluntary or interest-based participation.DISPATCH approaches the above challenges as actual opportunities for exploring synergies, interoperabilities and the overall integration potential of different energy vectors, in order to identify the most cost-effective solutions for reshaping and redistributing energy flows. For example, we will repurpose balancing and demand shifting controls used in normal operating conditions as low-cost resources for automated frequency response in emergency conditions, and compare its benefits with recently introduced procurement of stability as an ancillary service by NGESO.