SYMPHONY: StudYing Massive star PHysics Of blue supergiaNts with asteroseismologY

质量超过太阳8倍的恒星寿命很短，通常以超新星的形式结束生命，形成黑洞或中子星。在大质量恒星中有被称为蓝超巨星的超新星祖先，它们是宇宙中重要的金属工厂，因为它们为新一代恒星提供化学和能量，并推动星系演化。尽管它们很重要，但大质量恒星的内部物理特性在很大程度上仍然未知。由于数据不足，很少有大质量恒星使用星震学来研究，使用脉动来研究恒星结构。随着成功发射和正在进行的NASA凌日系外行星测量卫星（TESS）任务产生数千颗大质量恒星，我们经历了数据驱动的范式转变，转向大质量星震学。TESS提供了第一个大质量恒星连续、高精度、长期光线曲线的大型多样化数据集。SYMPHONY利用星震学来推动大质量恒星研究的突破，并回答了四个主要的研究问题：(i)核心质量如何作为质量和进化的函数变化？（ii）双星如何影响大质量恒星的演化？（三）风、质量损失和多变的大气如何影响恒星演化？（iv）为什么只有一些大质量恒星在演化过程中会出现蓝圈？将新的星震技术应用于TESS数据的新颖之处，结合互补的高分辨率、高节奏、时间序列光谱，最终使我们能够强有力地面对最先进的大质量恒星模型。SYMPHONY将为超新星祖先高度简并和不确定的参数空间校准恒星结构和演化模型。反过来，大质量恒星内部的迫切需要的约束将提供给更广泛的天文学界关注黑洞形成和星系演化。

Stars with masses more than eight times the mass of our Sun have short lifetimes and typically end their lives as supernovae forming black holes or neutron stars. Amongst massive stars are supernova progenitors called blue supergiants, which are important metal factories in the Universe as they provide the chemistry and energy for new generations of stars and drive galactic evolution. Despite their importance, the interior physics of massive stars remains largely unknown. Few massive stars have been studied using asteroseismology, the study of stellar structure using pulsations, because of insufficient data. With the successful launch and ongoing NASA Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) mission yielding thousands of massive stars, we have undergone a data-driven paradigm shift towards high-mass asteroseismology. TESS is providing the first large and diverse data set of continuous, high-precision, long-term light curves of massive stars. SYMPHONY uses asteroseismology to drive breakthroughs in massive star research and answer four major research questions: (i) How does the core mass change as a function of mass and evolution? (ii) How does binarity impact the evolution of massive stars? (iii) How do winds, mass loss and variable atmospheres influence stellar evolution? (iv) Why do only some massive stars under go blue loops in their evolution? The novelty of applying new asteroseismic techniques to TESS data combined with complementary high-resolution, high-cadence, time-series spectroscopy finally allows us to robustly confront state-of-the-art models of massive stars. SYMPHONY will calibrate stellar structure and evolution models for the highly degenerate and uncertain parameter space of supernova progenitors. In turn, much-needed constraints of massive star interiors will be provided to the wider astronomical community focused on black hole formation and galactic evolution.