European, Ethnic and Expatriate: A Longitudinal Comparison of German and British Social Networking and Associational Formations in Modern-day Asia

亚洲虽然近年来出现了相当程度的外迁，但自17世纪以来一直接收着欧洲移民的份额，并且鉴于该地区过去20年的经济增长，他们的数量继续增加。对于这些被迫进入陌生文化环境的移民来说，民族联系主义和社交网络是他们对新家生活最常见的反应。通过利用这种正式和非正式的社交策略，他们正在建立一个长期以来一直是迁徙链一部分的持久传统。然而，尽管历史悠久，但远东地区移民之间持续存在的种族联系和网络却很少受到关注，尤其是在涉及新一代的外籍人士时。因此，本研究将在其历史前身的更广泛背景下，首次持续阅读当今亚洲的外籍人士社会网络和协会形式。通过超越对前大英帝国在亚洲的英语文化的传统关注，本项目将比较来自不列颠群岛和德国的移民的当代移民社区生活。这种比较为更好地理解这两个群体提供了前景，促进了对语言和跨文化差异在外籍人士社交网络中的作用的审视。该项目将集中研究两个社区的社会网络是如何被不同的种族和文化组织所引导的，包括种族社团，如圣安德鲁社团和德国俱乐部，也包括文化组织，如歌德学院或英国文化协会，以及外交使团，承认他们的准种族协会角色。非正式社交，例如通过散列，也将被探索。基于对亚洲一些特定案例研究地点的活动分析，即孟买（印度）、曼谷（泰国）、吉隆坡（马来西亚）、新加坡（新加坡共和国）、香港（中华人民共和国特别行政区）、上海和北京（中华人民共和国）以及东京（日本），该项目将收集不同类型的数据，包括协会活动和会员数据。阐明外籍人士的社交网络流程。在研究地点与外籍人士的访谈将构成研究的固有部分。该项目的总体目标是揭示外籍人士社交网络可以告诉我们的有关当今亚洲移民生活和身份的信息，并揭示种族在移民社区中持续重要性背后的原因。广泛的学者和非学者群体将受益于这项研究，它为外籍社区生活、网络和种族的跨国研究提供了一种塑造知识的新方法。核心专著和文章将对历史（如社会史和移民史）和社会科学（如人文地理学、人类学和政治学）的学者的知识和兴趣做出重大贡献。项目结束会议将汇集来自比本项目所涵盖的更广泛地理范围的演讲者，寻求在拟议的项目生命周期之外促进新的研究网络。知识交流和用户参与是这个项目的内在组成部分。一些公共活动将远远超出学院的范围。在整个项目中收集的数据（其中一些将在网上展览中展示）将伴随着量身定制的社区活动，让用户直接参与研究，使外籍社区和被调查的组织能够访问这些数据。随着研究的进展，影响战略将确保用户、利益相关者和决策者的参与。

Asia, while having seen a substantial degree of outmigration in recent years, has consistently received its share of European arrivals since the seventeenth century, and, given the region's economic growth over the last two decades, continues to witness an increase in their number. For these migrants, thrust into an alien cultural environment, ethnic associationalism and social networking are among the most common responses to life in the new home. By utilising such formal and informal strategies of sociability, they are building on an enduring tradition that has long since been part of the migratory chain. Yet despite its long history, the persistence of ethnic associations and networks among migrants in the Far East has received little attention, particularly when it comes to the new generation of expatriates. This research, therefore, will offer the first sustained reading of present-day expatriate social networks and associational forms in Asia within the wider context of their historical antecedents. By moving beyond the traditional focus on Anglophone cultures in the former British Empire in Asia, this project will compare contemporary migrant community life of migrants from the British Isles and Germany. This comparison throws up the prospect of better understanding both groups, facilitating scrutiny of the role of language and intercultural differences in expatriate social networking. The project will concentrate on how social networks in the two communities are channelled by different ethnic and cultural organisations, including ethnic societies, such as St Andrew's societies and German clubs, but also cultural organisations like the Goethe Institute or the British Council, and diplomatic missions, recognising their quasi-ethnic associational roles. Informal sociability, for instance through hashing, will also be explored.Based on an analysis of activities in a select number of Asian case study locations, namely Mumbai (India), Bangkok (Thailand), Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia), Singapore (Republic of Singapore), Hong Kong (Special Administrative Region (SAR) of the People's Republic of China), Shanghai and Beijing (People's Republic of China), and Tokyo (Japan), the project will collect diverse types of data, including data on association activities and membership, to shed light on expatriate social networking processes. Interviews with expatriates in the sites of study will form an intrinsic part of the research. The proposed project's overall aim is to unravel what expatriate social networks can tell us about present-day migrant life and identity in Asia, and shed light on the reasons behind the continued importance of ethnicity in migrant communities. A wide group of academics and non-academics will benefit from the research, which offers a knowledge-shaping new approach to the transnational study of expatriate community life, networking and ethnicity. The core monograph and articles will make a major contribution to knowledge and be of interest to scholars in history (e.g. social history and migration history) and social sciences (e.g. human geography; anthropology; and political sciences). The end-of-project conference will bring together presenters from a wider geographical range than this project covers, seeking to facilitate new research networks beyond the proposed project's lifetime. Knowledge exchange and user engagement is an intrinsic part of this project. Several public events will extend considerably beyond the academy. The data gathered throughout the project, some of which will be showcased in an exhibition online, will be accompanied by tailored community activities to directly engage users with the research, making it accessible to expatriate communities and the organisations under investigation. Impact strategies will ensure involvement of users, stakeholders and policy makers as the research progresses.