Attitudes to Domestic Violence in Low- and Middle-income Countries: A Multi-Level Approach to Prevention

该项目将提供东亚和太平洋、欧洲和中亚、拉丁美洲和加勒比、中东和北非、南亚和撒哈拉以南非洲中低收入国家对家庭暴力态度的可靠、高质量的数据。这是首批侧重于DV对社会可接受性的系统性社会、政治和经济影响的研究之一，为旨在改变态度和预防DV的研究以及国家和国际政策做出了亟需的贡献。这项工作很重要，因为DV是全世界对妇女最常见的暴力形式，其影响深远。有明确证据表明，两性平等是实现千年发展目标不可或缺的一部分，然而，未能解决发展中的性别平等问题是当前千年发展目标中的一个差距。全球超过35个国家的研究表明，女性和男性为DV辩护的态度与DV的实施和受害密切相关。因此，为了以最佳方式将资源用于循证预防，至关重要的是要确定哪些更广泛的社会、政治和经济因素可以加强社会对DV的接受程度。这项研究将使用具有全国代表性的家庭调查，以及个人、国家和区域一级的数据以及关于国家和地理区域社会和经济发展的高质量元数据来源，以回答关于低收入和中等收入国家对DV的态度以及影响这些态度的系统性因素的一系列重要问题。例如，不同国家和地理区域对DV的态度有何不同？妇女参与劳动力、拥有财产和其他资产等经济因素是否与社会对DV的态度有关？接受教育的机会和教育程度是否解释了人们对DV态度的不同？社会发展和经济不平等会影响人们对DV的态度吗？像家庭法这样的社会制度，获得生产性资源是否与人们对DV的态度有关？妇女在议会中的代表性和对公共生活的参与是否影响社会对DV的态度？虽然政府立法被认为对解决这一问题很重要，但关于哪些政府采取行动以及立法对态度的影响的研究很少。这项研究将通过分析制定了DV立法的国家(及其所在的地理区域)的社会、经济和政治状况，以及立法对改变男女对DV的态度的影响来回答这些问题。这些问题最好是用定量和定性相结合的方法来解决。除了分析数据集之外，还将在选定的案例研究国家内与政策制定者和国家和国际组织的代表进行一次对DV立法的审查和与关键线人的面谈。研究产生的数据将有助于创建一个数据库，该数据库将根据关键的社会发展和经济赋权指标，以及DV立法和政策的存在和质量，提供关于对DV的态度的可靠和可解释的数据。这些数据将引起不同学科的学者、政策制定者、非政府组织、国际开发机构和捐助者的兴趣，他们对作为性别平等和赋权组成部分的DV预防战略和态度的衡量感兴趣。人们越来越认识到需要侧重于预防，但基于证据的预防仍然是新兴的，特别是在解决DV的社会可接受性方面。鉴于妇女署的主题优先事项是基于性别的暴力、经济赋权和妇女的政治参与，而2013年联合国妇女地位委员会的重点是防止对妇女和女孩的暴力行为，这项工作是及时的。

The project will provide reliable, high quality data on attitudes to domestic violence (DV) in low- and middle-income countries across East Asia and the Pacific, Europe and Central Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean, Middle East and North Africa, South Asia, and Sub-Saharan Africa. This is one of the first studies to focus on the systemic social, political and economic influences on societal acceptability of DV making a much needed contribution to research and national and international policy aimed at changing attitudes and preventing DV.This work is important because DV against women is the most common form of violence against women worldwide and is far-reaching in its impact. There is clear evidence that gender equality is integral to the achievement of the MDGs, however the failure to address DV is a gap in the current MDGs. Research in over 35 countries worldwide has shown that women's and men's attitudes justifying DV is strongly associated with DV perpetration and victimisation. Thus, to optimally target resources into evidence-based prevention it is vital to identify those wider social, political and economic factors that reinforce societal acceptability of DV. This study will use nationally-representative household surveys with individual-, country- and regional-level data and sources of high quality metadata on the social and economic development of countries and geographic regions to answer a set of important questions about attitudes to DV across low- and middle-income countries and the systemic factors influencing these attitudes. For example, how do attitudes to DV differ between countries and geographic regions? Are economic factors like women's labour force participation, ownership of property and other assets associated with societal attitudes to DV? Does access to education and educational attainment explain differences in attitudes to DV? Does social development and economic inequality influence attitudes to DV? Are social institutions like family laws, access to productive resources associated with attitudes to DV? Does women's representation in Parliament and participation in public life influence societal attitudes to DV? While government legislation is considered important to combat this problem, there has been little research on which governments act and the effects of legislation on attitudes. This study will answer these questions by analysing the social, economic and political profile of nations (and geographic regions within which they are nested) which have DV legislation, and the effect of legislation on shifting women's and men's attitudes to DV. These questions are best addressed using a combination of quantitative and qualitative approaches. In addition to analysing datasets, a review of DV legislation and key informant interviews will be conducted with policy-makers and representatives of national and international organisations within select case study countries.Data produced by the study will allow for the creation of a database which will provide robust and interpretable data on attitudes to DV within the context of key social development and economic empowerment indicators, and the existence and quality of DV legislation and policy. These data will be of interest to and can be used by academics across disciplines, policymakers, non-governmental organisations, international development agencies and donors interested in DV prevention strategies and the measurement of attitudes to DV as a component of gender equality and empowerment.There is increasing recognition of the need to focus on prevention, however evidence-based prevention is still nascent especially in relation to tackling societal acceptability of DV. This work is timely given that the thematic priorities of UN Women are gender-based violence, economic empowerment and women's political participation and the focus of the 2013 UN Commission on the Status of Women is on preventing violence against women and girls.