Communicating appraisals and social motives: Interpersonal effects of regulated and unregulated emotion expression

这个项目调查一个人的情感表达如何影响其他人对他或她行为背后动机的感知。我们还关注人们试图控制自己的表达，以传达或掩盖他们的动机，以及感知者如何在对表达做出回应之前考虑到他们的感受，即表达受到控制。例如，如果你认为我对你的不幸的悲伤是不真诚的，而不是真诚的，那么你对我的动机和对我行为的反应的看法可能会不同。这项研究的指导思想是，情绪传达关于人们试图实现的目标以及他们对可能结果的评估(评估)的信息。我们的研究将集中在情绪沟通和错误沟通对个体和群体之间的信任和合作的影响。我们利用实验游戏，在这种游戏中，为了自己的利益行事的动机和为了一个或多个其他人的利益行事的动机之间存在着紧张关系。在这些游戏中，对情绪信息的访问是通过视频调解和/或“虚拟同盟者”(被编程为捕捉参与者面部动作或显示预先指定的情绪的化身)控制的。我们的基本前提是，在实验游戏中，情绪表达(A)通过对感知的可信度的影响来影响人们做出自利还是他人利益的决定，(B)尽管行为似乎是自利的，但玩家为了传达亲社会动机而对其进行调节，(C)在玩家有动机歪曲其真实感受的情况下很可能被曲解，以及(D)根据接受者是否认为表达受到调节而产生不同的人际后果。我们还将探索类似过程在更自然的场景中的操作，使我们能够评估我们的发现在其他类型的社会互动中的适用性。这项研究将推进情绪在社会互动中的作用的理论思考，并将对情绪展示影响社会行为的广泛日常环境产生影响，如谈判、冲突解决、资源困境和存在情绪劳动的服务行业(例如，客户关系)。

This project investigates how one person's emotional expressions affect other people's perceptions of the motives behind his or her actions. We also focus on people's attempts to control their expressions in order to communicate or disguise their motives, and how perceivers factor in their sense that expressions are regulated before responding to them. For example, if you believe that my sorrow concerning your misfortune is insincere rather than sincere, your perceptions of my motives and response to my actions is likely to be different. The guiding idea of the research is that emotions communicate information about what people are trying to achieve and about their evaluations of possible outcomes (appraisals). Our studies will focus on the impact of emotion communication and miscommunication on trust and cooperation between individuals and groups. We make use of experimental games in which there is a tension between motives to act in one's own self-interest and motives to act in the interests of one or more other people. Access to emotional information during these games is controlled using video-mediation and/or "virtual confederates" (avatars programmed either to capture participants' facial movements, or to display prespecified emotions). Our basic premise is that emotional expressions during experimental games (a) influence whether people make self-interested or other-interested decisions through their influence on perceived trustworthiness, (b) are regulated by players in order to communicate prosocial motives despite behaviour that appears to be self-interested, (c) are likely to be misinterpreted in situations where there are motives for players to misrepresent their true feelings, and (d) give rise to different interpersonal consequences depending on whether perceivers think that the expressions have been regulated. We will also explore the operation of similar processes in more naturalistic scenarios, allowing us to assess the applicability of our findings in other kinds of social interactions. The research will advance theoretical thinking about the role of emotions in social interaction and will have implications for a broad range of everyday settings in which emotional displays influence social behaviour, such as negotiation, conflict resolution, resource dilemmas, and service industries in which there is emotional labour (e.g., customer relations).