Governing the Future City: A comparative analysis of governance innovations in large scale urban developments in Shanghai, London, Johannesburg

我们将采用比较的方法来研究大规模城市发展背景下的社会创新。世界不同区域的大部分城市发展都是在特大城市项目中进行的，如新城市、卫星城市或现有城市内的大型新郊区。这些发展正在建设未来的城市。它们是城市发展和管理新方式的重要实验场所，因为它们往往跨越多个司法管辖区，可能需要几十年才能实现。我们特别探讨创新：政府如何寻求管理社会包容和实现资源限制下的规模发展之间的紧张关系;社区如何在不同的社区走到一起，在面对这些发展给他们的环境带来的巨大变化时相互支持，包括他们流离失所的压力;以及开发商如何在治理中发挥越来越大的作用。此外，跨国联系在大规模城市开发中大量存在，投资者、开发商、政府和社区与其他背景下的想法、政策和实践密切相关。我们将考虑在我们所有的案例研究中，社会创新是如何被这些更广泛的，通常是共享的过程所塑造的。我们的核心研究问题是关注这种大规模城市转型的趋势是否强调有效交付和市场驱动的基础设施融资，而不是公众参与塑造城市未来;或者这种大规模有争议的发展实际上是否为新的治理形式开辟了政治空间。基于对三个不同背景下的大型开发项目的深入案例研究--伦敦老橡树园皇家市长开发公司;上海新郊区临港;以及雄心勃勃的市长项目--通过“自由走廊”将隔离的约翰内斯堡缝合在一起--我们比较了城市治理正在发生变化的方式。我们选择研究的三个项目在通过提高土地价值为发展融资方面面临着相似的挑战，设计宜居和可持续的新城市地区，以及促进将新发展融入更广泛的大都市地区的空间规划模式。此外，这些发展与共享的国际政策和发展网络相联系。因此，我们认为，在这些不同的规划和发展背景下，比较大规模发展所产生的不同类型的治理成果是富有成效的。我们的案例考虑了不同的城市发展模式：中国国家主导的新城建设，英国以房地产为主导的规划-收益发展，以及南非平衡服务提供与经济增长议程的发展模式。这为这项研究提供了非常创新的学术成分，因为比较世界不同地区城市的发展经验并不常见;这样做意味着我们可以谈论地球仪各地城市经验的多样性，这些经验相互影响。对比英国城市规划中公众参与度的下降、南非城市规划民主化进程的完善以及中国土地市场的兴起，产权意识和对城市社区活力的关注，拓展了我们对城市转型的全面视角。研究设计创建了一个具有更广泛影响的高潜力框架，包括一个专门的行动研究链，与当地居民和商业团体共同产生知识，并与规划者和决策者进行有针对性的接触，以便在三个案例中直接学习发展融资和管理模式。

We will adopt a comparative approach to investigate social innovations in the context of large-scale urban developments. A large proportion of urban development in different regions of the world is taking place in mega-urban projects, such as new cities, satellite cities, or large new suburbs within existing cities. These developments are building the future city. They are important sites of experimentation in new ways of developing and governing the city as they often stretch across multiple jurisdictions and can take decades to bring to fruition. We specifically explore innovations in: how governments are seeking to manage the tensions between social inclusion and achieving development at scale under resource constraints; how communities are coming together across different neighbourhoods to support one another in the face of the huge changes these developments bring to their environs, including pressures for their displacement; and how developers are playing a growing role in governance. In addition, transnational connections are prolific in large scale urban developments where investors, developers, governments and communities are closely linked in to ideas, policies and practices from other contexts. We will consider how social innovations in all of our case studies are shaped by these wider, often shared, processes. Our core research question addresses concerns over whether this trend towards at-scale urban transformation emphasizes efficient delivery and market-driven financing of infrastructure over public participation in shaping city futures; or whether such large scale controversial developments might in fact be opening up a political space for new forms of governance. Based on in-depth case studies of three large scale developments in different contexts - the Mayoral Development Corporation in Old Oak Park Royal in London; a new suburb, Lingang, in Shanghai; and the ambitious Mayoral project to stitch together segregated Johannesburg through the "Corridors of Freedom" - we compare ways in which the governance of cities is changing. The three projects we have selected to study share similar challenges in terms of financing developments through enhancing land values, designing liveable and sustainable new urban areas, and fostering spatial planning models which integrate the new developments into the wider metropolitan region. In addition, the developments are linked in to shared international policy and development networks. Thus we feel it is productive to compare the range of different kinds of governance outcomes generated by large scale developments across these different planning and development contexts. Our cases consider different models of urban development: state-led new town construction in China, property-led planning-gain development in the UK, and the developmental models balancing service delivery with economic growth agendas in South Africa. This gives the research a very innovative academic component, as it is not common to compare development experiences in cities in different regions of the world; doing so means we can speak to the diversity of urban experiences across the globe, which are strongly influencing each other. Contrasting the declining scope for public participation in planning in the UK with the now well-established democratic urban planning process in South Africa, and emerging land markets, property rights awareness and concerns to generate vibrant urban communities in China expands our perspective of urban transformation to its full spectrum.A distinctive feature of the research is that it has strong policy relevance. The research design creates a framework with a high potential for wider impact, including a dedicated strand of action research to co-produce knowledge with local residents and business groups, and a targeted engagement with planners and policy makers to enable direct learning across the three cases in relation to models of development finance and management.