Pregnant Men: An International Exploration of Trans Male Experiences and Practices of Reproduction

许多男性跨性别者（以下称为“transmen”）在没有接受手术切除生殖器官或重建生殖器的情况下转变。因此，从女性到男性的性别转变并不一定会剥夺生殖的能力，或者更重要的是，生殖的欲望。该项目的总体目标是深入了解越来越多的男性在性别转变后可能寻求或怀孕和分娩的做法、经验和保健需求。该项目将使用一系列定性方法，包括访谈、焦点小组、虚拟分析和视觉方法。为了考虑国家和国际护理标准和卫生实践的重要性，不同的福利制度和不同的法律的框架承认跨性别者，该项目将包括英国，美国，澳大利亚，波兰和意大利。跨性别怀孕表明，在不断变化的社会制度，技术进步和发展中的文化理解中，性别和亲密行为是如何发生变化的。反之亦然，这种社会、技术和文化变革影响到个人如何过着有性别、身体和亲密关系的生活。性别、性和亲密行为的多样化，以及保健做法和生殖技术的进步，大大改变了当代怀孕和生育的经验。对性别和性多样性的社会和文化态度的改变，以及围绕性和养育子女的法律的进步，使同性和性别多样性伙伴关系得到承认，并使人们能够平等地获得寄养、收养和辅助生殖技术。在过去的十年里，同性育儿实践越来越受到社会和文化的关注，而法律的转变也凸显了同性人的育儿权利。此外，女同性恋者和男同性恋者的父母已经成为性研究领域以及亲密关系、亲属关系和个人生活的社会学研究中的一个中心调查点。然而，跨性别的育儿做法在社会、文化、法律的和学术领域受到的关注要少得多。海因斯（PI）早期工作的各个方面（2007年; 2010年）考虑了性别转变对养育关系的影响，从而通过性别转变探索养育。这个项目采取了一个不同的，未知的，在探索变性后成为父母的跨性别者的经历。在考虑性别认同之间的关系，性别化的身体，男性和女性在主观层面上，该项目旨在研究如何跨男性的怀孕和出生的叙述带来了新的理解，体现和性别的育儿过程。与性别多样性有关的法律的和政策的变化，使性别多样性的人在关系和养育子女的权利方面实现了一定程度的平等。该项目将审查国际一级的法律和政策在多大程度上支持这一跨性别男子群体的健康需求，并将考虑法律的和政策框架对怀孕决定的影响程度。医疗保健是跨性别运动组织的一个关键领域。它将探讨跨性别男性在产前和新生纳塔尔阶段感受到医疗保健专业人员的支持和理解的程度。在学术界和从业人员一级，家庭习俗的转变与生殖技术的变化有关。该项目将探讨生殖技术的发展，并审议这种发展对变性男性怀孕的影响程度，将向国际一级的跨学科学术界听众、决策者、保健和医疗专业人员和从业人员以及利益有关者传播研究结果。

Many male transgender people (hereafter termed 'trans men') transition without undergoing surgery to remove their reproductive organs or reconstruct their genitals. Gender transition from female to male, then, does not necessarily take away the ability or, importantly, the desire to reproduce. The overall aim of this project is to gain an in-depth understanding of the practices, experiences, and health care needs of the growing number of men who may seek to, or become, pregnant and give birth after gender transition. The project will use a range of qualitative methods including interviews, focus groups, virtual analysis and visual methods. In order to consider the significance of national and international care standards and health practices, divergent welfare regimes and differing legal frameworks of recognition for trans people, the project will include the UK, US, Australia, Poland and Italy. Trans male pregnancy shows how shifts in gendered and intimate practices occur within changing social institutions, technological advances and developing cultural understandings. Vice versa, such social, technological and cultural transformations impact on how individuals live their gendered, bodily and intimate lives. Diversification of gendered, sexual and intimate practices, and advances in health care practices and reproductive technology, have significantly altered contemporary experiences of pregnancy and birth. Changing social and cultural attitudes about gender and sexual diversity, and legal advances around sexuality and parenting, have enabled the recognition of same-sex and gender diverse partnerships and allowed equal access to fostering, adoption and assisted reproductive technology. Over the last decade, same-sex parenting practices have received increasing social and cultural visibility, while legal shifts have foregrounded the rights of same-sex people to parent. Moreover, lesbian and gay parenting has emerged as a central site of inquiry within the field of sexuality studies, and in sociological studies of intimacy, kinship and personal life. Transgender practices of parenting, however, have received much less attention across social, cultural, legal, and academic spheres. Aspects of Hines' (PI) earlier work (2007; 2010) have considered the impact of gender transition on parenting relationships-thus exploring parenting through gender shifts. This project takes a different, and uncharted, turn in exploring the experiences of trans people who become parents after transition. In considering the relationship between gender identity, the gendered bodily, and masculinity and femininity at subjective levels, the project seeks to examine how trans male narratives of pregnancy and birth bring new understandings to the embodied and gendered processes of parenting. Legal and policy change pertaining to gender diversity has brought some levels of parity in terms of the relationship and parenting rights of gender diverse people. This project will examine the extent to which law and policy at international levels supports the health needs of this group of trans men and will consider the degree to which legal and policy frameworks impact upon decisions to become pregnant. Health care is a key area of trans campaigning organisations. It will explore the extent to which trans men feel supported and understood by health care professionals at pre and neo natal stages. At academic and practitioner levels, shifting family practices are linked to changes in reproductive technology. The project will address developments in reproductive technology and consider the level of which such advances impact on trans male pregnancy.Findings will be disseminated to interdisciplinary academic audiences, policy makers, health and medical professionals and practitioners, and stakeholders at international levels.