Conceptions of violence, friendship and legal consciousness among young people in the context of Joint Enterprise

共同企业是一种形式的次要责任的术语，它要求所有涉及犯罪的人对其负责。虽然它可以追溯到许多世纪以前，但最近它与高达44%的谋杀定罪有关（其中两个或两个以上的人被定罪）。虽然最近对“共同企业”原则的修改可能会缩小其范围，但它仍然依赖于个人与他们参与暴力行为之间的联系。在最近对根据这一理论被判犯有谋杀罪的个人进行的一项研究中，有迹象表明，年轻人对友谊和集体暴力的概念以及刑事司法从业人员对这些概念的解释之间存在差异，而且普遍缺乏对“共同事业”的认识。这些发现对联合企业的合法性及其阻止集体暴力的潜力（提议的好处）产生了影响。拟议的研究将详细探讨这些主题。具体来说，它将考虑：年轻人如何理解“友谊”和“集体暴力”；联合企业的知识和/或经验如何影响年轻人对集体暴力和友谊的理解；以及从业人员如何在联合企业案例中应用暴力和友谊的概念。总共有75名年龄在16-25岁之间的年轻人将接受采访，其中20名年轻人将参加“照片之声”——这是一种创新的方法，允许参与者通过照片来表达他们的“日常现实”。“社区样本”将包括25名在大学学习的年轻人和25名被认定参与过严重集体暴力的年轻人，这将允许对有或多或少暴力行为经历的年轻人的友谊和集体暴力概念进行比较。面谈将涉及生活史因素，重点是以前的经历和目前对友谊、集体暴力以及与此类暴力有关的刑法的理解。还将与参与联合企业案件的大约25名刑事司法从业人员进行面谈，特别是警察、起诉和辩护律师。研究的这一部分将说明那些调查和适用与联合企业有关的法律的人是如何解释友谊和集体暴力的，并提供一种与年轻人的叙述相反的叙述。本研究的目的是在一个特别重要的历史时期，对联合企业的研究做出贡献，这些研究很少，但发展缓慢。它将允许考虑这一学说最近的变化对实践的影响。从这个意义上说，这项研究的目的是为政策和实践提供信息，了解集体惩罚对直接受其影响的人的影响，以及可能陷入其深远网络的更广泛人群的影响。

Joint Enterprise is the term given to a form of secondary liability that holds all those implicated in a crime accountable for it. Although it dates back many centuries, it has recently been associated with up to 44% of convictions for murder (where two or more individuals have been convicted). Although recent changes to the Joint Enterprise doctrine may narrow its scope, it still relies on associations being made between individuals and their involvement in an act of violence. In a recent study of individual's convicted of murder under this doctrine, there were indications that disparities exist between young people's conceptions of friendship and collective violence and the way in which such concepts were interpreted by criminal justice practitioners, as well as a general lack of awareness about Joint Enterprise. These findings have implications for the perceived legitimacy of Joint Enterprise and its potential to deter collective violence (a proposed benefit of it). The proposed study would explore these themes in detail. Specifically, it would consider: how young people conceptualise 'friendship' and 'collective violence'; how knowledge and/or experience of Joint Enterprise shapes young people's interpretations of collective violence and friendship; and how conceptions of violence and friendship applied by practitioners in cases of Joint Enterprise.In total, 75 young people, aged 16-25 years old, would be interviewed and a subsample of 20 young people would participate in photovoice - an innovative methodology allowing participants to represent their 'everyday realities' through photographs. A 'community sample' would involve 25 young people studying at college and 25 young people identified as having been involved in serious collective violence, which would would allow comparisons to be made between conceptions of friendship and collective violence among young people with more or less experience of violent behaviour. Interviews would involve a life history element, focusing on previous experiences and current understandings of friendship, collective violence, and the criminal law as it relates to such violence. Interviews would also be undertaken with around 25 crininal justice practitioners involved in Joint Enterprise cases, specifically police officers and prosecution and defence lawyers. This part of the research would provide an account of the way in which friendship and collective violence was interpreted by those who investigate and apply the law related to Joint Enterprise and offer a counter narrative to that of the young people.The research would aim to contribute to the sparse, but slowly developing, research on Joint Enterprise at a particularly significant time in its history. It would allow consideration of the impact that recent changes to this doctrine have had on practice. In this sense, the research would aim to inform policy and practice about the effect of collective punishment on those directly affected by it, as well as the broader population who may get caught up in its far-reaching net.