Touristic Competition, Securitisation, and the Creation of (In)Securities in Guatemala

旅游业是世界上最大的产业，也是发展的关键工具。这在全球南方尤其如此，那里被认为具有旅游业的竞争优势，对旅游业的依赖程度越来越高。虽然国家、组织和个人吸引和满足游客的能力是一个严重的发展问题，但旅游业与发展之间的联系不是理所当然的。旅游业有不同的模式，有些模式被认为比其他模式更经济发展，对当地人更有利。为了使旅游业为发展服务，联合国世界旅游组织呼吁“可持续的”和“符合道德的”旅游形式。然而，随着越来越多的国家将旅游业作为一种发展工具，吸引和满足游客的竞争爆发并加剧。在这种竞争激烈的环境中，真正可持续和合乎道德的旅游变得更难实现和维持。那么，一个关键的全球挑战是，在竞争日益激烈的环境中，如何鼓励和支持可持续和合乎道德的旅游业？在应对这一挑战时，该项目转向旅游证券化的全球旅游竞争实践，即为了确保旅游经济和发展而确保游客安全的实践。在全球南方的许多地方，可持续旅游业受到人身安全问题的阻碍。事实上，游客流量受到感知的风险和具体的不安全事件的严重影响。同样，任何一个地方吸引游客的能力都与游客感知到的和实际的人身安全密切相关。虽然许多专家就如何为游客创造个人安全提供了建议，从而有望提高旅游目的地的竞争力，但游客/旅游证券化所涉及的做法也可能造成新的不安全感，违背可持续和道德旅游的原则。为了鼓励和支持可持续和道德旅游，该项目提高了人们对旅游证券化做法可以促进和/或挑战可持续和道德旅游目标的各种方式的认识，以及共同产生替代旅游安全做法，以实现更可持续和更符合道德的旅游未来。危地马拉位于中美洲，与旅游业相比，危地马拉以贫困、暴力和不安全而闻名。尽管如此，危地马拉政府已经坚定地将目光投向了成为世界上游客最多的目的地之一。该项目建立在对危地马拉主要旅游目的地危地马拉小殖民地城市拉安提瓜(安提瓜)全球旅游竞争日常做法的民族志研究基础上。对于在安提瓜生活和/或工作的人来说，旅游安全问题主导着日常生活。事实上，安提瓜当地人清楚地强调了游客对危地马拉不安全的看法或经历如何将他们的经济安全置于危险之中，因此，他们的目标是保护游客，试图保护他们自己的生计。通过关注旅游证券化实践，该项目突出了他们是如何从交叉不平等中获得信息和告知的，他们如何越来越多地采用新技术，以及非营利性发展组织如何在旅游证券化中发挥重要而未被认可的作用。虽然安提瓜采用的许多旅游安全做法确实为游客(通常是外国游客)创造了更大的安全，但其他做法给游客和当地人带来了新的不安全感，从而无视可持续和道德旅游的原则，并最终将旅游业作为一种可以提高当地福祉的发展工具。接下来，该项目主张采取一种旅游证券化的方法，使游客分散中心，转而专注于为所有人提供安全。

Tourism is the world's largest industry and a key tool of development. This is especially the case in the global South, which is thought to have a touristic competitive advantage and is increasingly tourism-dependent. While the ability of countries, organisations, and individuals to attract and satisfy tourists is of acute developmental concern, the link between tourism and development is not to be taken for granted. There are different models of tourism, with some deemed more economically developmental and beneficial to locals than others. In seeking to make tourism work for development, the United Nations World Tourism Organisation calls for 'sustainable' and 'ethical' tourism forms. However, as evermore countries turn to tourism as a development tool, competition to attract and satisfy tourists has exploded and intensified. In this highly competitive environment, truly sustainable and ethical tourism is made harder to achieve and maintain. A key global challenge, then, is how, in an increasingly competitive environment, can sustainable and ethical tourism be encouraged and supported?In taking up this challenge, this project turns to the global tourism competition practice of touristic securitisation, or the practice of securing tourists in attempts to secure tourism economies and development. In many places in the global South, sustainable tourism is hampered by questions of personal security. Indeed, tourist flows are highly affected by perceived risks and concrete insecurity events. Likewise, the ability of any one place to attract tourists is deeply connected to the perceived and actual personal (in)securities of tourists. While many experts offer advice on how to create personal security for tourists and, thus, hopefully improve tourism destination competitiveness, the practices involved in the securitisation of tourists/tourism can also create new insecurities which defy the principles of sustainable and ethical tourism. In seeking to encourage and support sustainable and ethical tourism, this project raises awareness of the diverse ways touristic securitisation practices can contribute to and/or challenge the goals of sustainable and ethical tourism, as well as co-produces alternative touristic security practices for more sustainable and ethical touristic futures. It does so in the context of Guatemala.Located in Central America, Guatemala is better known for poverty, violence, and insecurity than for tourism. Nevertheless, the Guatemalan government has firmly set its sights on becoming one of the world's most visited destinations. The project builds on ethnographic research on the everyday practices of global tourism competition in the small colonial city of La Antigua Guatemala (Antigua), Guatemala's main tourism destination. For people living and/or working in Antigua, questions of touristic (in)securities dominate everyday life. Indeed, Antigua-locals clearly highlight how tourists' perceptions or experiences of insecurity in Guatemala put their economic security at risk and, thus, they aim to protect tourists in an attempt to protect their own livelihoods. In focusing on touristic securitisation practices, the project highlights how they are informed by and informing of intersecting inequalities, are increasingly enrolling new technologies, and how non-profit development organisations are playing important and under-recognised roles in touristic securitisation. While many of the touristic security practices employed in Antigua do indeed create greater security for (often foreign) tourists, others create new insecurities for both tourists and locals, thus defying the principles of sustainable and ethical tourism, and ultimately the use of tourism as a tool of development that can increase local wellbeing. Following, the project argues for an approach to touristic securitisation that de-centres the tourist and instead focuses on providing security for all.