Citizenship Futures: 'the Politics Of Hope' In India And Europe

我们认为，对未来的希望仍然是被社会排斥者政治想象的中心。然而，人们对希望、社会排斥和公民身份之间的关系知之甚少。现有的许多文献使学者们推断，社会排斥产生绝望、恐惧和不信任。政策分析人士指出，被社会排斥者缺乏“愿望”是贫穷和不平等长期存在的一个关键因素。针对这些文献，通过强调被社会排斥的人所怀有的“希望的政治”（Appadurai，2013：129），拟议的研究将深入了解他们想象自己的“公民未来”的方式。它试图通过分析和实证研究社会排斥人群中的“希望政治”。该项目将以人种学的方式记录联合王国、法国和印度马哈拉施特拉邦受社会排斥者的政治主体性，从而揭示构成“种族政治”的各种解释、情感和做法。通过研究“社会政治”，该项目将加深我们对被社会排斥的人如何想象他们的“公民未来”的理解。它将通过跨越社会科学和艺术与人文学科之间的学科界限来做到这一点。项目目标：本研究项目的中心目标是从理论和经验上发展“公民未来”的概念。RQ 1：在他们所受到的社会权力关系的背景下，被社会排斥的人对他们的未来有什么“希望”？将通过在伦敦、巴黎和孟买进行比较人种志研究来解决RQ 1。RQ 2：什么样的制度因素塑造了人们对未来的“希望”？RQ 2将通过对英国、法国和印度马哈拉施特拉邦的政治叙事进行历史制度主义分析来解决。为了分析的目的，我们建议改编Zipin et al（2015），其关于教育的研究（借鉴Bourdieu和Appadurai）有效地理论化了希望通过社会文化过程构成的三种方式。缺乏希望是通过媒体和政策话语传播的“关于有价值未来的主导规范”。习惯化的希望是基于传记-历史条件（惯习）的具体化的倾向。新兴的希望是“未来倾向的冲动"”在年轻人的生活中出现，因为他们的生活理解现在成为未来“。NVivo将用于组织和共享数据（成绩单、现场记录和其他材料）。在该项目标题下提出的比较方法将对知识生产作出三项进一步贡献。第一，通过将英国、法国和印度纳入一个共同的调查和分析框架，该项目将模糊“发达”和“发展中”国家、“全球北方”和“全球南方”等类别之间的界限，以及其他阻碍人们理解这些学术孤岛所面临的共同问题的二元关系。第二，通过招募一名印度研究人员对英国的贫困问题进行人种学研究，该项目将有助于对“扭转目光”的新方法论讨论。第三，通过对人种学采取合作的办法，该项目将鼓励各国研究人员及其对话者在编制人种学文本方面进行合作，研究工作将由一个提供互补专门知识的多学科小组进行。社会学家和人类学家所青睐的深入民族志将由政治学家开发的创新历史制度分析来补充。

Hope for the future, we contend, remain central to the political imaginations of socially excluded people. However, the relationship between hope, social exclusion and citizenship are poorly understood. Much of the existing literature primes scholars to infer that social exclusion spawns hopelessness, fear and mistrust. Policy analysts point to the paucity of 'aspirations' among the socially excluded as a key factor for the perpetuation of poverty and inequality. Against this literature, by underscoring 'the politics of hope' (Appadurai, 2013: 129) harboured by socially excluded people, the proposed research will provide insights into the ways in which they imagine their 'citizenship futures'. It seeks to analytically and empirically investigate the 'politics of hope' among socially excluded people. The project will achieve this by ethnographically documenting the political subjectivities of socially excluded people in the United Kingdom, France and the Indian State of Maharashtra and thereby uncovering the ensemble of interpretations, emotions and practices that constitute 'the politics of hope'. By examining the 'politics of hope', the project will deepen our understanding of the ways in which socially excluded people imagine their 'citizenship futures. It will do so by straddling disciplinary boundaries between the social sciences and the arts and humanities.Project objective: The central aim of this research project is to develop theoretically and empirically the concept of 'citizenship futures'.RQ1: What 'hopes' to socially excluded people harbour for their futures, in the context of the social relations of power to which they are subjected? RQ1 will be addressed through comparative ethnographies in London, Paris and Mumbai. RQ2: What institutional factors shape people's 'hopes' for the future? RQ2 will be addressed through a historical-institutionalist analysis of political narratives in the UK, France and the Indian State of Maharashtra. For the purpose of analysis, we propose to adapt Zipin et al (2015), whose research on education (drawing on Bourdieu and Appadurai) usefully theorise three ways in which hopes are constituted through social-cultural processes. Doxic hopes are 'dominant norms about worthy futures' circulating through media and policy discourse. Habituated hopes are embodied dispositions grounded in biographic-historical conditions (habitus). Emergent hope are 'future-tending impulses' 'emerging among young people as their lives apprehend the present-becoming-future'.The qualitative data will be systematically generated, answering the research questions as directly as possible. NVivo will be used to organise and share data (transcripts, field notes and other materials). The comparative approach proposed under the rubric of the project will make three further contributions to knowledge-production. One, by bringing the UK, France and India within a common frame of investigation and analysis, the project will blur the boundaries between such categories as 'developed' and 'developing' countries, 'Global North' and 'Global South', and other such binaries that hinder an appreciation of the shared problems faced by people across these scholarly silos. Second, by recruiting an India-based researcher to conduct ethnographic research on poverty in the UK, the project will contribute to emerging methodological discussions on 'reversing the gaze'. Third, by adopting a collaborative approach to ethnography, the project will encourage the collaboration of researchers across national contexts and their interlocutors in the production of ethnographic texts.The research will be conducted by a multidisciplinary team offering complementary expertise. The in-depth ethnography favoured by sociologists and anthropologists will be complemented by innovative historical-institutional analysis developed by political scientists.