Displacement, placemaking and wellbeing in the city

这个项目将有助于我们越来越多地了解那些长期流离失所的人成功或失败成为欧洲和印度城市一部分的结构、动态和过程。在全球范围内，被迫流离失所的人数正创下现代历史新高。联合国难民署报告称，2015年有6530万人因冲突和迫害而流离失所。每分钟，平均有24人被迫逃离世界的某个地方，这一数字是十年前的四倍。2015年也是欧洲的一个分水岭，成千上万的移民和难民在经历了往往是危险的旅程后抵达欧洲海岸。在印度，城市发展迅速，并继续接收许多因农业危机、冲突、发展导致的流离失所和赤贫而在国内流离失所的人。长期的流离失所现在主要是城市事务。城市提供经济和社会机会，但也可能成为不平等、贫困、孤立和剥削加剧的地方。流离失所群体的流动加快了城市化进程，并可能在就业、优质住房和有限的基本服务（如卫生和教育）方面造成（实际的或想象的）竞争。联合国可持续发展目标11提出了建设包容、可持续和安全城市的全球雄心，《新城市议程》（2016年）明确呼吁将城市难民纳入现有城市结构。然而，印度和欧洲城市管理资本流入的努力往往面临民粹主义的反弹。因此，我们需要更好地理解，在资源稀缺和城市不平等日益加剧的情况下，人们是如何成功或失败地将城市空间变成归属感、参与性和幸福感的场所的。这将需要关注构建难民和被迫移民的政治、社会和经济公民身份、获得生计机会、与现有社区的联系以及最终定义和实现“城市权利”的地方建设过程和实践。该项目提供了跨学科思维、方法创新和行动的新途径。为此，本项目将采用混合方法。将定量和定性社会科学技术相结合，将比单独使用任何一种技术都能更好地理解研究问题。我们将比较四个国家（印度、芬兰、挪威和英国）的多个案例研究，这些国家位于不同的城市环境中，从城镇到特大城市。我们将进行关键的信息提供者访谈，结构化的健康调查，以及绘制城市空间的物理结构、特征、形式、功能和使用地图。此外，我们将进行政策分析和利益相关者映射，以了解以何种方式允许或限制流离失所群体使用空间进行经济活动和休闲。我们还将为建筑和设计专业的学生设立创新的设计工作室，通过分析、设计解决方案，并从他们与高级研究人员积极参与的实地工作中学习，以及通过将他们与社会科学专业的学生配对来支持该项目。因此，该项目试图打破社会科学和人文科学之间的学科界限；人道主义与发展；城市规划、建筑与设计；以及创造性和参与性研究方法的整合，这些方法可以更好地询问和表达广泛的知识和经验。这项研究将为各级城市治理的决策者以及发展机构和非政府组织/公民社会组织提供重要的知识，让他们了解自己在支持（而不是阻碍）城市更大的公平、减少不平等和福祉方面可以发挥什么作用。最后，该项目将通过有针对性的媒体活动和公共展览，积极寻求与印度和欧洲的公众接触并向其提供信息。

This project will contribute to our growing understanding of the structures, dynamics and processes through which people who are enduringly displaced succeed or fail to become part of European and Indian cities. Globally, forced displacement levels are hitting a record modern-day high. UNHCR reports 65.3 million people were displaced from their homes by conflict and persecution in 2015. Every minute, on average 24 people were forced to flee somewhere in the world, and these levels were four times higher than a decade prior. 2015 also marked a watershed moment in Europe, with hundreds of thousands of migrants and refugees arriving on its shores, after often perilous journeys. In India, cities grow rapidly, and continue to receive many people that are internally displaced due to agrarian crisis, conflict, development induced displacement and abject poverty. Protracted displacement is now chiefly an urban affair. Cities offer economic and social opportunities, however, they can also be places of rising inequalities, deprivation, isolation and exploitation. The flow of displaced groups quickens urbanisation, and may create (actual or perceived) competition for jobs, quality housing and limited essential services such as health and education. The UN Sustainable Development Goal 11 sets out the global ambition for inclusive, sustainable and secure cities, and the New Urban Agenda (2016) explicitly calls for inclusion of urban refugees within existing city structures. Yet, India and European cities' efforts to manage inflows often face populist backlashes. Greater understanding is hence needed of the ways in which people succeed or fail to make urban spaces into places of belonging, participation and wellbeing in conditions of scarcity and growing urban inequality. This will require attention to the placemaking processes and practices that structure refugees' and forced migrants' political, social and economic citizenship, access to livelihood opportunities, connections with existing communities and, ultimately, to define and achieve a 'right to the city'. This project offers new ways of cross-disciplinary thinking, methodological innovation and action. To this end, the project will adopt a mixed methods approach. Combining quantitative and qualitative social science techniques will provide a better understanding of research problems than either used alone. We will compare multiple case studies in each of the four countries - India, Finland, Norway and the UK - located in diverse urban settings, spanning from town to megacity. We will undertake key informant interviews, structured wellbeing surveys, and mapping of physical structures, features, form, functions and use of urban spaces. In addition, we will conduct policy analyses and stakeholder mappings to understand in what ways displaced groups' use of space for economic activity and leisure is enabled or restricted. We will also set up innovative Design Studios for architecture and design students to support the project through analysis, design of solutions and learning from their active engagement in fieldwork with senior researchers, and by pairing them up with social science students. As such, the project seeks to break down disciplinary boundaries between the social sciences and humanities; humanitarianism and development; urban planning, architecture and design; and the integration of creative and engaged research methods that better interrogate and allow for the expression of a wide range of knowledge and experiences. The study will provide important knowledge for policy-makers at all levels of urban governance, as well as in development agencies and NGO/CSOs, about what roles they can play to support (and not to impede) greater equity, reduced inequalities and wellbeing in cities. Finally, the project will actively seek to engage and inform the general public in India and Europe through targeted media activities and public exhibitions.