Borrowing crime control policy from the USA: 'compulsory sobriety' and the rise of 'alcohol tags'

与酒精有关的犯罪是一个政策问题，目前在英国引起了重大的政治和学术关注，不难理解为什么。考虑到财产受损或被盗的价值、生产产出的损失以及受害者的支持和情感影响，内阁办公室估计这类犯罪每年造成的损失在80亿至130亿英镑之间。在所有暴力事件中，超过一半的暴力事件涉及犯罪者受到酒精的影响，2015年酒后驾车事故造成8，000人伤亡。在英国，与酒精有关的犯罪率为每1,000人8人。然而，在伦敦，这一数字更高，每1,000人中有12.5人，伦敦警察局周末逮捕的人中约有80%与饮酒有关。在判断现有的供需方酒精政策失败时，市长警务和犯罪办公室（MOPAC）在世界各地寻找替代解决方案。找到的解决方案是南达科他州24/7清醒项目。该项目于2005年在总检察长拉里·朗的指导下启动，涉及那些犯下酒精燃料罪行的人被判处戒酒期，并通过呼吸测醉器制度或配备连续透皮酒精监测脚镯（“酒精标签”）进行定期测试，以确保遵守。那些跳过或未通过测试的人将被立即监禁24-48小时，然后接受更严厉的判决。在MOPAC最初的“强制清醒试点”之后，24/7清醒的想法在英国传播开来，林肯郡、亨伯赛德郡和北约克郡的警察和犯罪专员于2017年6月启动了“强制清醒”试点。在5月政府的《家庭虐待法案》中也提出了强制家庭暴力肇事者在一段时间内接受电子监控戒酒的概念。24/7清醒作为一种刑事司法干预，酒精标签作为一种技术创新，因此渗透到政策制定过程中，并抓住了政治精英的想象力。然而，值得注意的是，目前英国的政策、辩论和证据并不一致，关于强制戒酒的好处和潜在危害的证据和讨论落后于政治野心。我的奖学金的目的是通过开展一系列活动来解决这一分歧，包括建立一个多层次，多机构的“强制清醒网络”，开展一个定性研究项目，该项目捕获了有关24/7清醒对家庭暴力肇事者的应用的现有知识，并发表了一些学术论文和以律师为中心的博客文章。

Alcohol-related crime is a policy problem that is currently attracting significant political and academic attention in the UK, and it is not difficult to understand why. Taking into account the worth of property damaged or stolen, the loss of productive output, and victim support and emotional impact, this type of crime has been estimated by the Cabinet Office to cost between £8 billion and £13 billion per year. Just over half of all violent incidents involve an offender being under the influence of alcohol, and in 2015 drink-driving accidents produced 8,000 casualties. Across the UK, the ratio of alcohol-related crime is eight per 1,000 people. In London specifically however, this number is higher at 12.5 per 1,000 people, with approximately 80 percent of weekend arrests by the Metropolitan Police being linked to alcohol consumption. In judging existing supply and demand-side alcohol policies to be failing, the Mayor's Office for Policing and Crime (MOPAC) scoured the world for alternative solutions. The solution found was the South Dakota 24/7 Sobriety Project. Launched in 2005 under the direction of Attorney General Larry Long, this project involves those who have committed alcohol-fueled offences being sentenced to period of alcohol abstinence and regular testing to ensure compliance, either via a breathalyser regime or by being fitted with a continuous transdermal alcohol monitoring anklet ('alcohol tag'). Those who skip or fail their tests are subject to immediate incarceration for 24-48 hours prior to receiving a more severe sentence. Subsequent to MOPAC's initial 'Compulsory Sobriety Pilot', the idea of 24/7 Sobriety has diffused within the UK, with the Police and Crime Commissioners for Lincolnshire, Humberside, and North Yorkshire launching a 'compulsory sobriety' pilot in June 2017. The notion of mandating domestic violence perpetrators to a period of electronically monitored alcohol abstinence has also been proposed within the May Government's Domestic Abuse Bill. 24/7 Sobriety as a criminal justice intervention, and alcohol tagging as a technological innovation, have thus infiltrated the policy-making process and captured the imagination of political elites. Notably however, policy, debate, and evidence are not aligned in the UK at present, with evidence and discussion of the benefits and potential hazards of enforced alcohol abstinence lagging behind political ambitions. The aim of my fellowship is to address this bifurcation via undertaking a series of activities, including establishing a multi-level, multi-agency 'compulsory sobriety network', undertaking a qualitative research project that captures existing knowledge concerning the application of 24/7 Sobriety to domestic violence perpetrators, and publishing a number of academic papers and practitioner-focused blog posts.