Gendered Violence and Urban Transformation in India and South Africa

暴力侵害妇女行为影响到全世界近三分之一的妇女，许多学者声称，在过去20年中，暴力侵害妇女行为有所增加。这种暴力有各种形式，包括强奸、亲密/家庭伴侣暴力，包括情感、经济和身体虐待、杀害妇女、针对胎儿性别进行选择性堕胎、强迫贩运和性骚扰。这些形式的暴力影响到家庭、工作场所、警察拘留所、教育机构和各种公共场所的妇女。关于暴力侵害妇女行为的研究领域目前分散在犯罪学、公共卫生和人口学等学科。大量有影响力的研究的数据和方法往往基于调查和大数据，尽管定性研究越来越普遍。这些研究填补了一个关键的空白，突出了酗酒、虐待家庭史、贫困、缺乏基本基础设施等风险因素。然而，除了少数明显的例外，很少有研究表明，在国家、区域和地方性别形成历史中，有哪些机制将风险因素转化为实际的暴力行为，对具体案件进行比较，并说明暴力行为的存在及其应对措施。我们的研究将推动“第二波”暴力研究的前沿，向更深入、更复杂的暴力理论、暴力原因和激励因素的方向发展。作为本项目重点的两个城市案例--德里NCR（印度）和约翰内斯堡（南非）--因私人和公共场所的性暴力水平非常高而闻名。作为正在经历快速转型的国家中的城市-南非的后种族隔离自由化，以及印度的国家主导的经济自由化和印度教民族主义-这些国家的性别关系和暴力行为有多种相互关联的原因，这些原因因种姓，阶级，种族和地区而异。我们将探讨诸如种族或阶级不平等、贫困或其他环境、背景和历史因素等因素是否以及如何影响对妇女的性暴力和人际暴力的实际实施。城市转型如何影响性别关系、女性自主权以及“传统”与“现代”之间的冲突？要回答这些问题，需要耗时和艰苦的定性研究，并长期沉浸在该领域。这种沉浸将引出阶级和暴力等相关因素背后更深层次的机制，并使我们能够更好地了解贫困，种族主义或其他结构性因素是否以及如何在特定家庭或个人生活中实现暴力，并进一步更好地了解无形的中产阶级性别暴力。要了解暴力的复杂动态，就必须了解这些重大变化是如何在日常生活中表现出来的，以及为什么在这些日常生活节奏中，暴力侵害妇女行为变得如此普遍。该项目的创新之处在于使用定性方法，要求研究人员深入具体社区的日常生活，同时研究地方和国家机构和政策如何界定性别暴力问题。该项目将寻求比较两个城市的具体见解，就全球化和城市转型对性别关系和暴力的影响得出更广泛的结论。

Violence against women affects almost 1 in 3 women across the world, and many scholars claim that it has risen over the past 20 years. This violence takes various forms ranging from rape, intimate/domestic partner violence, including emotional, financial, and physical abuse, female infanticide, sex-selective abortion, forced trafficking, and sexual harassment. These forms of violence affect women in families, workplaces, police custody, educational institutions, and various public spaces. The field of study on violence against women is currently fragmented across disciplines such as criminology, public health, and demography. The data and methodology of a large number of influential studies tends to be based on surveys and big data, although qualitative studies are increasingly common. These studies have filled a crucial gap by highlighting risk factors such as alcoholism, abusive family history, poverty, lack of basic infrastructure among others. However, with few notable exceptions there is a paucity of studies that demonstrate the mechanisms that translate risk factors into actual acts of violence, that build comparisons across specific cases, and that situate both the presence of violence and responses to it, in national, regional and local histories of gender formation. Our research will push the frontiers of a 'second wave' of research on violence by moving in the direction of deeper and more complex theorising of violence, of its causes and motivating factors.The two urban cases Delhi that are the focus of this project - Delhi NCR (India) and Johannesburg (South Africa) - have acquired a reputation for very high levels of sexual violence, both private and public. As cities within countries undergoing rapid transition - post-apartheid liberalisation in South Africa, and state-led development to economic liberalisation and Hindu nationalism in India - gender relations and enactments of violence in these countries have multiple, inter-related causes that vary across caste, class, race, and region. We will ask whether and how factors such as racial or class inequality, poverty, or other environmental, contextual and historical factors make a difference to actual enactments of violence - sexual and interpersonal - against women. How does urban transformation affect gender relations, women's autonomy, and the perceived clash between 'tradition' and 'modernity'? To answer these questions requires time-consuming and painstaking qualitative research, with long-term immersion in the field. Such immersion will elicit the deeper mechanisms beneath correlating factors such as class and violence, and allow us to better understand whether and how poverty, racism or other structural factors enable violence in particular families, or individuals' lives, and furthermore to develop a better understanding of invisibilised middle-class gendered violence. To understand the complex dynamics of violence requires an appreciation of how these major transformations are manifested in everyday life, and why in these daily rhythms of life, violence against women becomes so prevalent. The innovation of this project is the use qualitative methodologies requiring immersion of the researchers in the daily life of specific neighbourhoods, while at the same time looking at how local and national state agencies and policies frame the problem of gendered violence. The the project will seek to compare the particular insights from the two cities, to draw broader conclusions about the effects of globalisation and urban transformation on gender relations and violence.