Islands of innovation in protracted crises: a new approach to building equitable resilience from below

有一些国家遭受了多重人道主义灾难，包括内战、洪水、火山爆发和埃博拉等流行病。这些灾难的震中，通常是边境偏远地区，一直在努力实现全球发展目标和指标，这表明国际社会和这些国家的政府没有找到适当的解决方案来应对这些旷日持久的危机。因此，解决办法可能取决于受影响的人口和个人本身。研究这些自下而上的方法将提供一个切入点，以讨论人道主义局势中个人和集体形式的复原力之间的协同作用和紧张关系，以及可持续发展目标（sdg）背后的“不让任何人掉队”议程，特别是围绕贫困、健康、性别、不平等、气候与和平的目标。我们正在研究的两个国家，Côte科特迪瓦和刚果民主共和国，自20世纪末以来经历了动荡的历史。我们的第一个案例研究是与利比里亚接壤的科特迪瓦西部地区Côte。在2000年至2010年的内战期间，该地区一直是暴力的中心。这场战争造成了许多被迫流离失所和围绕粮食和卫生安全的人道主义问题。该地区还通过利比里亚边境受到埃博拉病毒的威胁，尽管该病毒已得到控制。2018年的一场大洪水也影响了全国和农业生产。最后，围绕气温上升的气候变化预测可能会严重扰乱该地区对可可生产的依赖。我们的第二个案例研究是刚果民主共和国的北基伍地区。数十年的战斗破坏了北基伍省的经济，最近的人道主义灾难是冲突重新爆发和埃博拉疫情的有毒组合。基伍冲突的根源是卢旺达的种族灭绝和蒙博托建立的独裁国家的崩溃。组织良好的国内外精英操纵冲突以获得经济利益（如非法开采矿产）和政治利益（特别是在重大选举期间）。尽管联合国拥有世界上最大的维和部队之一，但该地区仍有数十支大规模民兵部队逍遥法外。该地区还有一座名为尼亚穆拉吉拉（Nyamuragira）的火山，该火山曾多次喷发（2002年、2010年、2011年和2014年），对当地的生计造成了重大损害。从中期来看，气候变化已经影响到农民对主要作物的选择，也影响到大型种植园主的选择，往往对他们的家属产生负面影响。然而，尽管面临这些挑战，这两个地区的社区仍找到了创新的经济和社会管理方式，被迫适应不断变化和不安全的背景。因此，了解幸存者如何组织起来，从重大冲击、危机和压力中恢复过来，以及援助行为体如何最好地支持这些努力，是解决我们这个时代最大的全球挑战之一的核心问题。分享这些知识有助于更广泛地建立复原力，但需要通过引起共鸣的媒体和方法来实现。通常是那些经历过这种改编的人讲故事；以及认同讲故事的人或共同的经历。我们的方法论将结合人类学、历史学、政治经济学、参与性研究和讲故事的方法。我们的跨学科国际团队将汇集社会科学、艺术和人文学科的研究人员，他们具有对该项目至关重要的不同主题和区域经验。

There are a number of countries which have been suffering from multiple humanitarian disasters, ranging from civil wars, floods and volcanoes and epidemics such as Ebola. The epicentre of these disasters, usually borderland remote regions, have struggled to meet the global development goals and targets, showing that the international community and the governments of these countries are not finding adequate solutions to deal with these protracted crises. The solution therefore may reside with the affected population and individuals themselves. Studying these bottom-up approaches will provide an entry point to discuss synergies and tensions between individual and collective forms of resilience in humanitarian situations and the 'Leave No One Behind' agenda behind the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), in particular the goals around Poverty, Health, Gender, Inequalities, Climate, and Peace.The two countries we are examining, Côte d'Ivoire and the Democratic Republic of Congo, have had tumultuous histories since the end of the 20th century. Our first case study is the western region of Côte d'Ivoire at the border with Liberia. This region has been the epicentre of violence during the civil war between 2000 and 2010. The war has created many forced displacement and humanitarian issues around food and health security. The region was also exposed to the threat of the Ebola virus via the Liberian border, although the virus was contained. A major flood, in 2018, also affected the whole country and agricultural production. Finally, climate change prediction around rising temperatures could seriously disrupt the region with its reliance on cocoa production. Our second case study is the north Kivu region in the DRC. Decades of fighting have ravaged the economy of north Kivu, with the latest humanitarian catastrophe a toxic mix of renewed conflict and a major Ebola epidemic. Conflict in the Kivu has its origins in the Rwanda genocide and the breakdown of the authoritarian state created by Mobutu. Well-organised elites both inside and outside the country manipulate the conflict for economic gain (such as illegal mineral extraction) and political gain (especially around major elections). Despite one of the world's largest UN peacekeeping forces, dozens of large-scale militia forces act with impunity across the region. The region is also home to a volcano, Nyamuragira, which has had multiple eruptions (2002, 2010, 2011 and 2014) creating important damages in terms of local livelihoods. Over the medium-term, climate change has already affected the choice of staple crops for peasant farmers, and has affected the choices of large-scale plantation owners, often with negative consequences for their dependants. Yet despite these challenges, communities in both regions find innovative ways to manage economically and socially, forced to adapt against a backdrop of constant change and insecurity. Learning how survivors organise to recover from major shocks, crisis and stressors, and how aid actors can best support these efforts, is therefore a central question to address one of the greatest global challenges of our time. Sharing this knowledge could help build resilience more widely but needs to be done through media and methods that resonate. Often this is about those who have experienced such adaptations telling stories; and about identifying with the storyteller or the common experience. Our methodology will combine approaches from anthropology, history, political economy, participatory research and story-telling. Our interdisciplinary, international team will bring together social science, arts and humanities researchers with diverse thematic and regional experience essential to the project.