Infrastructures of Exclusion: the Politics of Housing, Heritage and Ruination in Jaffa's Urban Borderlands

当代特拉维夫-雅法的许多周边社区被两种形式的城市基础设施所主导：一排排的shikunim，单调的社会主义现代主义住房，由以色列国家在20世纪60-70年代建造；巴亚拉特的残余，1948年前巴勒斯坦资产阶级家庭和农民家庭居住的住宅形式，一起工作，有时与犹太人一起，创造了一个充满活力的民族柑橘产业。今天，1948年后留在这一地区的少数巴勒斯坦人生活在非正式的城市环境中，特拉维夫市政府在法律上剥夺了他们的合法地位。在人口完全减少的地区，这些建筑要么被毁坏，要么被积极地保存在遗产项目中。居民主要是米兹拉希姆族- -中东血统的犹太人- -以及来自埃塞俄比亚和前苏联的犹太移民、巴勒斯坦人（在雅法）、移徙工人（来自菲律宾、尼日利亚和其他地方）和难民/寻求庇护者（来自厄立特里亚和苏丹），这些城市边境地区为理解民族-国家政权如何通过人口稀少的城市地区的城市基础设施实现领土主权和民族-阶级等级制度提供了一个强有力的案例研究。这项研究改变了探索以色列边缘化群体的种族、民族、城市空间和“临时生活”（Simone 2019）的视角。它通过提高人们对巴勒斯坦人与被边缘化的以色列犹太人和移民群体共同居住的边境空间的认识，提出了对这种关系的创新理解，使它们与物质基础设施和代表性的社区计划联系起来，这些计划为密集建筑空间的居住概念提供了信息。在这样做的过程中，它为种族关系研究提供了一个案例，该研究立足于以色列国家对巴勒斯坦历史景观的转变过程所产生的影响。它还询问了两份现有的以色列文献，内容是关于犹太人和巴勒斯坦人混合居住的城市。政治地理学家认为民族主义是城市空间动态的核心，他们已经证明了自上而下的城市规划程序是如何产生隔离的（Yiftachel 2006; Yiftachel and Ghanem 2004; Tzfadia and Yacobi 2011）。相反，人类学家使用民族志分析和关系社会学视角来说明在这些非典型城市领域中打破民族主义二元对立的社会互动形式（Monterescu 2015, Monterescu and Hazan 2018, Nathanson 2010, 2017）。通过对雅法（1950年与特拉维夫合并的混合城市）的民族志研究，我的博士论文展示了国家主权是如何通过城市周边边境地区的多种因素在基础设施上产生的。在这样做的过程中，该研究对城市的跨学科研究提出了更广泛的主张——主张在方法论上进行创新，将“自上而下”和“自下而上”的视角引入对话。为了完成这本书的手稿，该项目试图通过超越最初的现场，进入特拉维夫-雅法的种族、种族和基础设施/废墟的其他配置，来发展博士研究提出的更广泛的概念问题。它旨在发展两个分析概念。首先，描述一个地方的居民在构建一个将城市景观与以色列民族身份联系起来的地方时表现出的行为（例如欺骗、回避），尽管有巴勒斯坦过去的标志。第二，描述对国家场所形成机制构成挑战的记忆差距。该项目引起了人们对遗忘和抹去的基础设施政治的关注，这些政治标志着许多当代城市，尤其是那些由民族国家统治的城市（可以在伊斯坦布尔或德里找到比较）。关键的创新是使用人种学的方法来说明基础设施是如何与社会生活分离的，而是实际上通过它并与之一起移动的。

Many peripheral neighbourhoods in contemporaryTel Aviv-Jaffa are dominated by two forms of urban infrastructure: rows of shikunim, monotonous socialist modernist housing built by the Israeli state in the 1960-70s, and the remnants of bayarat, pre-1948 dwelling forms in which Palestinian bourgeois families and peasant families lived, working together, and sometimes with Jews, to produce a vibrant national citrus industry. Today, the few Palestinians who remained in this area after 1948 live in informal urban settings legally delegitimised by the Tel Aviv Municipality. In areas that were fully depopulated, these buildings have either fallen into ruination or been actively conserved in heritage projects. Populated mostly by an ethno-class of Mizrahim - Jews of Middle Eastern origin - as well as Jewish immigrants from Ethiopia and the Former Soviet Union, Palestinians (in Jaffa), migrant workers (from Philippines, Nigeria and elsewhere), and refugees/asylum seekers (from Eritrea and Sudan), these urban borderlands present a powerful case study for understanding how ethno-national regimes achieve territorial sovereignty and ethno-class hierarchy through urban infrastructures in depopulated urban areas.The research alters the lens through which to explore race, ethnicity, urban space, and the "improvised lives" (Simone 2019) of Israel's marginalised groups. It does this by raising awareness of the borderland spaces in which Palestinians cohabit with marginalised Israeli-Jewish and migrant groups, presenting an innovative understanding of such relations - making them relational to the physical infrastructures and representational neighourhood plans that inform notions of dwelling in dense built space. In doing so, it makes a case for the study of ethnic relations to be grounded in the affects generated by processes of Israeli state transformation of historic Palestinian landscapes.It also interrogates two existing Israeli literatures on cities with mixed Jewish-Palestinian populations. Arguing that nationalism is central to urban spatial dynamics, political geographers have demonstrated how top-down municipal planning procedures produce segregation (Yiftachel 2006, Yiftachel and Ghanem 2004, Tzfadia and Yacobi 2011). Conversely, anthropologists have used ethnographic analysis and a relational sociological lens to illustrate forms of social interaction that break down nationalist binaries in these atypical urban domains (Monterescu 2015, Monterescu and Hazan 2018, Nathanson 2010, 2017). Through an ethnography of Jaffa, a mixed city municipally united with Tel Aviv in 1950, my doctoral intervention demonstrates how state sovereignty is produced infrastructurally through a multiplicity of agents in the city's peripheral borderlands. In doing so, the research makes broader claims about interdisciplinary research on cities - arguing for methodological innovation that brings "top-down" and "bottom-up" perspectives into dialogue. In order to finalise the book manuscript, this project seeks to develop the broader conceptual questions raised by the doctoral research, by moving beyond the initial field site into other configurations of ethnicity, race, and infrastructure/ruins within Tel Aviv-Jaffa. It aims to develop two analytical notions. First, to describe behaviours that inhabitants of a place manifest (e.g. deception, avoidance) when constructing a sense of place that relates urban landscape to Israeli national identity despite marks of a Palestinian past. Second, to describe memory gaps that facilitate challenges to regimes of national placemaking. The project draws attention to the infrastructural politics of forgetting and erasure that mark many contemporary cities - but particularly those governed by ethno-states (comparisons could be found in Istanbul or Delhi). The key innovation is to use ethnographic methodology to illustrate how the infrastructural isn't separate from social life - but in fact moves through and with it.