Sentencing and diversity: how do ethnicity and gender impact on the content and outcomes of sentences served in the community?

根据社区制裁的要求，拟议的项目将提高我们对族裔和性别的理解。女王陛下缓刑视察组就性别和族裔进行的专题检查认为，更好地理解这些关系至关重要。因此，该项目将允许更好地制定知情的政策。平等不仅仅是平等地对待每个人。平等需要考虑到多样性和包容性。采取一种考虑到男女的不同需要和不同族裔群体的需要的刑事司法办法，需要按性别和族裔分列的数据。拟议的项目将使用Data First数据集来审查社区订单的不同要求的相对有效性--根据成功完成情况和今后犯罪的可能性进行评估--与族裔和性别有关，同时控制其他变量，如年龄和犯罪。将使用回归分析来解决以下研究问题：o在控制其他因素后，族裔群体和男女在构成社区命令和缓刑命令的要求的数量和类型上是否存在差异，O要求的效力是否因族裔而异，对男性和女性是否相同？o因不遵守命令的要求而不能成功完成，是否会增加命令终止后对后续罪行判处监禁的可能性？o违反命令的要求后，对后续罪行判处监禁的可能性是否因种族而异？男性和女性的情况是否相同？在过去十年中，社区判刑的使用已大大减少。在同一时期，使用立即羁押的情况有所增加。这一点令人担忧，因为社区刑期可以转移人们对短期监禁刑期的注意力。一直以来，人们都发现，在防止重罪方面，他们比短期监禁更好，而且比羁押的成本低得多。社区刑期减少的原因之一是治安法官对社区刑期是羁押的有效替代办法和能够减少犯罪或使罪犯改过自新失去信心。因此，有证据表明哪些社区秩序要求在这方面是最有效的，以及对谁来说，可能有助于恢复对这些要求的使用信心。该项目将审查在成功完成以社区为基础的订单方面的族裔和性别差异在多大程度上有助于在使用监护权方面的性别和族裔差异。更好地了解针对不同人群的不同订单要求的有效性，可以改进基于社区的订单要求的使用。这可能有助于让人们免于监禁，并减少不同群体之间在使用羁押方面的差异，从而提高刑事司法系统的公平性和合法性。该项目的结果将以用户友好的报告形式在ADR英国网站上公布，并附带一个博客。还将有一段关键发现的动画短片，将在ESRC社会科学节上展示，并将在谢菲尔德大学和ADR英国的网页上提供。此外，该项目还将生成一个数据集，该数据集将来自法院、缓刑和监狱的变量与派生变量结合起来，例如随后定罪的次数，可供其他研究人员使用；以及可供其他研究人员和政策制定者使用的犯罪严重程度量表，例如用于确定资源。

The proposed project will improve our understanding of ethnicity and gender in relation to the requirements of community-based sanctions. Better understanding of these relationships has been identified as crucial by Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Probation's thematic inspections in relation to gender and ethnicity. The project will therefore allow for better informed policy development.Equality is not just about treating everyone the same. Equality needs to take account of diversity and inclusivity. Adopting an approach to criminal justice which takes account of the different needs of women and men and the needs of people from different ethnic groups requires data that are disaggregated by gender and ethnicity. The proposed project will use the Data First datasets to examine the relative effectiveness of different requirements of community-based orders - assessed in terms of successful completion and the likelihood of future offending - in relation to ethnicity and gender, while controlling for other variables such as age and offence. Regression analyses will be used to address the following research questions:o Are there differences between ethnic groups and men and women in the number and type of requirements that make up community orders and suspended sentence orders, after controlling for other factors, such as age and severity of offence?o Are some requirements more effective in terms of successful completion and preventing reconviction?o Does the effectiveness of requirements vary by ethnicity and is this the same for men and women?o Does unsuccessful completion due to failure to comply with the requirements of an order increase the likelihood of a custodial sentence for a subsequent offence after termination of the order?o Does the likelihood of a custodial sentence for a subsequent offence after breaching the requirements of an order vary by ethnicity and is this the same for men and women?The use of community sentences has declined considerably over the last decade. Over the same time-period the use of immediate custody has increased. This is concerning because community sentences can divert people from short custodial sentences. They have consistently been found to be superior to short prison sentences in preventing reconviction and are considerably less costly than custody. One of the reasons put forward for the decline of community sentences is a loss of confidence by magistrates that they are an effective alternative to custody and can reduce crime or rehabilitate offenders. Therefore, evidence on which community order requirements are most effective in this regard and for whom could potentially contribute to restoring confidence in their use. The project will examine the extent to which ethnicity and gender differences in successful completion of community-based orders contribute to gender and ethnicity differences in the use of custody. A better understanding of the effectiveness of different order requirements for different groups of people could improve the use of community-based order requirements. This may help to keep people out of prison and reduce disparities between different groups of people in the use of custody, thereby improving fairness and legitimacy within the criminal justice system.Results of the project will be presented in user-friendly reports on the ADR UK website, with an accompanying blog. There will also be a short video animation of the key findings which will be shown at the ESRC Festival of Social Science and will be available on the University of Sheffield's and ADR UK's web pages. In addition the project will generate: a dataset which combines variables from the court, probation and prison datasets with derived variables, such as the number of subsequent convictions, which could be used by other researchers; and an offence severity scale which can be used by other researchers and also policy makers, in for example targeting resources.