Visions of Policing: How Visual Technologies Shape Police Oversight and Training

包括人体穿戴和手机摄像头在内的新视觉技术使人们能够前所未有地接触到警察的行为。公众对使用武力、人群控制和审讯这一新的可见度的反应极端两极分化，通过视频证据批评警察服务。然而，很少有人注意到警察如何使用视觉信息来评估警察的行为和培训。该项目填补了这一空白，对公民和警察使用视觉技术批评警察行为并为其提供信息的情况进行了比较分析。在第一阶段，研究人员将分析警察监督机构的报告或公民团体对警察行为的批评，密切关注这些团体如何利用视觉技术来支持对警察不当行为的指控，以及民警监督机构如何使用证据来裁决这些指控。我们将研究警察行为录像带所提出的论点的类型，以及通过调查程序如何接受或拒绝这些论点。有视频证据的警察不当行为报告将与没有视频证据的报告进行比较，以更好地了解视频如何改变或增强公民投诉警察的能力。在第二阶段，我们将研究警察服务如何使用视觉技术(视频、身临其境的训练器等)来评估和教导警察在使用武力、人群控制和审讯环境中的“合理”行为。我们将进行参与者观察民族志，旁听警察学院的课程，并就视觉技术如何指导他们的学习和教学实践采访警察实习生和培训员。通过这项研究获得的信息将与第一阶段获得的信息进行比较，以更好地了解新的警务能见度如何影响人们对警察合理行为的看法。这两个阶段的研究成果将与卡迪夫大学的软件工程师共享，并被卡迪夫大学的软件工程师用于构建新的视频分析和模拟工具，用于警察监督和培训。我们将与这些学者和实践者合作，为教学和监督目的提供一套简单的工具来注释和分析视频，并开发在警察培训和监督中使用视觉技术的国际最佳实践。这项研究有助于形成大量关于感知现象学的文献，对感知如何在社会中发挥作用进行概念和理论分析。我们将为个人之间如何形成感知的理论讨论做出贡献，将警察监督和培训作为“清晰的环境”来探索关于警察行为的争议是如何争论或达成一致的，进一步加深我们对视觉刺激如何转化为有意义的信息的学术理解。

New visual technologies including body-worn and cellphone cameras have led to previously unprecedented access to police conduct. Public reaction to the 'new visibility' of use-of-force, crowd control and interrogations has been extremely polarized, and criticism has been directed at police services through video evidence. However, little attention has been paid to how police use visual information themselves to evaluate officer conduct and training. This project fills that gap, conducting a comparative analysis of citizen and police use of visual technology to criticize and inform "reasonable" police conduct. In stage 1, researchers will analyze the reports of police oversight services or criticisms of police conduct by citizens groups, closely attending to how these groups utilize visual technology to support accusations of police misconduct, and how evidence is used by civilian police oversight services to adjudicate those accusations. We will study the types of arguments made with videos of police conduct, and how such arguments are either accepted or rejected through an investigative process. Reports of police misconduct with video evidence will be compared with reports without supporting video evidence to better comprehend how video alters or augments citizens' capacities to complain about the police.In stage 2, we will study how police services use visual technologies (video, immersive trainers, etc) to evaluate and teach "reasonable" officer conduct in use-of-force, crowd control, and interrogation settings. We will conduct participant-observation ethnographies, sitting in on classes at police colleges and interviewing police trainees and trainers on how visual technologies are informing their learning and teaching practices. The information obtained through this research will be compared with information learned in the first stage to better understand how the new visibility of policing is affecting the perception of "reasonable" officer conduct.Findings from these two stages of research will be shared with, and used by, software engineers at Cardiff university to build new video analytic and simulation tools for police oversight and training. We will work with these scholars and practitioners to inform a set of simple tools for annotating and analyzing video for both pedagogic and oversight purposes, and to develop international best practice for using visual technologies in police training and oversight.This research contributes to a broad body of literature on the phenomenology of perception, a conceptual and theoretical analysis of how perception functions in society. We will contribute to theoretical discussions about how perception is achieved between individuals, using police oversight and training as 'perspicuous settings' to explore how disputes over police conduct are argued or agreed upon, furthering our academic understanding of how visual stimuli are transformed into meaningful information.