Coming to Terms with Forced Migration

2015年，在欧洲“移民危机”期间，希腊的莱斯沃斯岛成为全世界好客的象征，收容了大量流离失所的人。与此同时，岛上的居民强调他们自己的难民身份，解释说他们的父母是来自土耳其的难民，这就是为什么他们对新来的人感到同情。莱斯沃斯如此引人注目的是，它容纳了大量的当代移民，而其人口的很大一部分是来自小亚细亚的难民的后裔。在希腊，莱斯沃斯的案例远非罕见。1923年，希腊和土耳其同意强制交换其宗教少数群体的人口，这是希腊身份的核心故事，改变了该国的当代史，并引起了国际关注，因为这是历史上第一次强制人口交换。从土耳其被驱逐到希腊的难民估计约有120万人。在第二次世界大战和后冷战时期之后，随着苏联的解体和1989年后的移民将希腊变成了一个移民国家，又出现了新一轮的被迫流离失所和移民潮。然而，最重要的是2015年的“移民危机”，当时该国再次经历了100多万流离失所者的到来。希腊是一个构成大量当代移民流动的入境港、中转站和居住地的国家。考虑到这些因素，在专注于希腊的情况下，这项研究解决的问题是：1922-24年被迫流离失所的记忆和身份随着时间的推移在一代又一代人中发生了怎样的变化？拥有这些记忆和身份的人是如何看待随后的移民的？在希腊，目前的人口构成在很大程度上是由1923年的人口交换决定的，这些记忆和身份的传递以及它们在几代人和地理位置上持久和变化的程度至关重要。2023年是小亚细亚被驱逐一百周年。今天，鉴于目前的移徙和难民危机，对过去重新安置的批判性理解具有新的相关性。这项研究创造了1922-24年被迫流离失所的记忆和身份的代际和区域间比较历史，揭示了当代态度和难民历史之间的多层次关系。有小亚细亚记忆和被迫流离失所身份的人是如何看待随后的移民的？他们是变成了同情者、敌手还是对手？为了解决这个问题，在不忽视影响因素的多样性的情况下，这项研究将时间(世代)、地点(地理)和随后的迁移(其他迁移的浪潮)结合在一起。它认为，这三个相互关联的因素的交集允许我们理解难民后裔面对Janus的态度的连续性和间断性，从而导致同理心、敌意和竞争。《接受被迫移民》揭示了当代态度和难民历史之间错综复杂的关系，并提醒我们，对随后的移民的态度可能是反复无常和矛盾的。

In 2015, during Europe's 'migration crisis', the Greek island of Lesvos became a symbol of hospitality worldwide, hosting vast numbers of displaced people. At the same time, the island's residents were emphasising their own refugee identity, explaining that their parents were refugees from Turkey and that this is why they feel sympathy towards the newcomers. What is so striking about Lesvos is that it hosts significant contemporary migration, while a large part of its population descends from refugees from Asia Minor. In Greece, the case of Lesvos is far from rare. In 1923 Greece and Turkey agreed to the compulsory exchange of populations of their religious minorities, a story central to the Greek identity, which transformed the country's contemporary history and poses international interest since it was the first compulsory population exchange in history. The influx of refugees expelled from Turkey to Greece was estimated at around 1.2 million people. After the Second World War and the post-Cold War period came further waves of forced displacement and migration, with the collapse of the Soviet Union and the post-1989 migrations turning Greece into an immigration country. Most significant, however, was the 2015 'migration crisis', when the country once again experienced the arrival of more than 1 million displaced people. Greece is a country that constitutes an entry port, a transit point, and a place of settlements for significant contemporary migration flows. With these considerations and while focusing on the case of Greece, the research questions that this research addresses are: How have memories and identities of the 1922-24 forced displacement changed over time from one generation to the next? How do people with these memories and identities think about subsequent migration? In Greece, where the current population composition has been shaped to a large extent by the 1923 population exchange, the significance of the transmission of these memories and identities and the extent to which they are lasting and changeable throughout generations and geographical locations is paramount. The year 2023 is the centenary of the Asia Minor expulsion. Today, in light of the current migration and refugee crises, the critical understanding of past relocations echoes with new relevance. This study creates a comparative - intergenerational and interregional - history of the 1922-24 memories and identities of forced displacement, which uncovers the multilayered relationship between contemporary attitudes and refugee past. How do people with Asia Minor memories and identities of forced displacement think about subsequent migration? Are they becoming empathisers, antagonists, or rivals? Addressing this question, and without ignoring the multiplicity of variables in-play, this study brings together time (generations), place (geographies), and subsequent migration (waves of other migrations). It argues that the intersection of these three interlocking elements allows an understanding of the continuities and discontinuities that characterise the Janus-faced attitudes of refugee descendants, leading to empathy, hostility, and competition. 'Coming to Terms with Forced Migration' throws light on the convoluted relationship between contemporary attitudes and refugee past and reminds us that attitudes towards subsequent migration can be volatile and ambivalent.