From bats to humans: the social, ecological and biological dynamics of pathogen spillover

新发传染病对人类和动物健康构成巨大挑战。大多数新疾病，如严重急性呼吸系统综合症和艾滋病毒-艾滋病，起源于野生动物，预计今后将有更多的新疾病来自野生动物。特别是，在过去15年中，从蝙蝠身上出现了一系列人类和家畜的高毒性RNA（或核糖核酸）病毒疾病。这些病毒包括SARS、亨德拉病毒和尼帕病毒。此外，埃博拉和马尔堡致命出血热现在已知是由蝙蝠的RNA病毒引起的。目前还不清楚为什么人类的许多新的和重要的疾病起源于蝙蝠，或者这些疾病是如何产生的？溢出?从蝙蝠传染给人类，但这些疾病外溢事件发生的潜在机会很多。例子包括人们与蝙蝠共享食物来源，捕猎和食用蝙蝠，以及蝙蝠与人类生活在很近的地方，要么是在房屋结构内，要么是大量栖息在城市里。此外，还可能发生间接传播，即蝙蝠病毒感染其他动物，然后再感染人类。在这个催化剂资助提案中，我们的目标是建立研究人员之间的关系，以了解RNA病毒，它们的蝙蝠宿主和人类之间的复杂相互作用，以便找出导致蝙蝠病毒溢出到人类的原因以及如何预防这种情况。我们还旨在了解人们如何看待蝙蝠和从蝙蝠身上感染的疾病，以及不同国家的医疗专业人员如何诊断这些疾病。这种知识和诊断的改进将减少公共卫生风险。这一催化剂提案将用于建立一个跨学科的国际专家团队，以调查蝙蝠与人类之间的病毒传播。我们将审查当前特定学科的文献，并规划一个全面、整体的研究规划，以解决病毒从蝙蝠向人类扩散的复杂和相互交织的方面。将撰写关于感染溢出的潜在因素的评论，包括生态、医学、社会和环境方面的观点，以及不断变化的环境和生计如何导致新型蝙蝠与人的相互作用。最后一次讲习班将用于制定一个研究财团提案的结构：将决定探索蝙蝠到人的病毒传播所需的具体研究问题和科学方法，并将讨论诸如管理结构、传播战略和用户参与等实际细节。

Newly-emerging infectious diseases pose a great challenge to human and animal health. Most new diseases, such as SARS and HIV-AIDS, originate from wild animals and it is predicted that many more new diseases will emerge from wildlife in the future. In particular, a series of highly virulent RNA (or ribonucleic acid) virus diseases of humans and domestic animals has emerged in the last 15 years from bats. These include SARS, Hendra virus and Nipah virus. Also, Ebola and Marburg fatal haemorrhagic fevers are now known to be caused by RNA viruses from bats. It is not yet understood why so many new and important diseases of humans have their origins inbats or how these diseases ?spill over? from bats into people, but there are many potential opportunities for these disease spillover events to occur. Examples include people sharing food sources with bats, the hunting and eating of bats and bats living in close proximity with people, either within the structures of houses or as massive populations roosting in cities. Also, indirect transmission can occur, whereby bat viruses infect other animals which, in turn, then infect people. In this Catalyst Grant Proposal, we aim to build relationships between researchers to understand the complex interactions between RNA viruses, their bat hosts and humans, in order to find out what causes bat viruses to spill over into people and how this can be prevented. We also aim to understand how people perceive bats and the diseases caught from them and how these diseases are diagnosed by the medical profession in different countries. This improved knowledge and diagnosis will reduce the public health risks. This catalyst proposal will be used to create an interdisciplinary team of international experts to investigate virus transmission between bats and humans. We will review current discipline-specific literature and plan a comprehensive, holistic programme of research that addresses the complex and interwoven facets of virus spillover from bats to humans. Reviews will be written on the factors underlying infection spillover, incorporating ecological, medical, social and environmental perspectives and how changing environments and livelihoods lead to new kinds of bat-human interactions. A final workshop will be used to develop a structure for a research consortium proposal: the specific research questions and the scientific approaches needed to explore bat-to-human viral transmission will be decided and practical details, such as management structure, communication strategies and user engagement, will be addressed.