Measuring, mapping, monitoring and mitigating drivers of the emergence of zoonotic and food-borne diseases: a case study

超过60%的人类疾病起源于动物，其中许多是家畜。感染动物和人类的感染被称为人畜共患病，由不同的病原体群引起，包括病毒，细菌和寄生虫，并以许多不同的方式传播，包括通过环境和受污染的食物。作为一个群体，人畜共患病是一个非常重要的公共卫生问题，特别是在本研究集中的发展中国家。我们特别感兴趣的是了解什么样的环境，社会，人口，经济和气候变量共同导致病原体？跳下去？从家畜到人类（我们称之为跳跃？疾病的出现？）。这项研究将在肯尼亚首都内罗毕进行，因为以前的工作已经确定城市和城郊环境是可能发生这种跳跃的重要地方，但很少有研究详细审查导致这种跳跃的万国邮联环境的特殊情况。从侧面思考万国邮联环境中出现的人畜共患病和食源性疾病问题，并制定新的办法来解决这一问题。我们办法的最重要方面是包括非常广泛的各种专门知识和背景，涵盖万国邮联环境中重要的广泛主题。我们的目的是考虑这些问题，数据需求和研究机会，从这些不同的角度，支持现有的文献和一个小的试点数据收集工作的广泛分析。这些活动产生的优先事项和方法将构成进一步应用的基础，以收集完整的数据集，并为政策的改变提供证据基础。

Over 60% of human diseases originate in animals, many in domestic livestock. Infections that infect both animals and people are called zoonoses, and are caused by different groups of pathogens, including viruses, bacteria and parasites, and are transmitted in many different ways, including through the environment and via contaminated food. As a group, zoonoses are a very significant public health problem, especially in developing countries where this research is focussed. We are particularly interested in understanding what environmental, social, demographic, economic and climate variables come together to cause a pathogen to ?jump? in to the human population from domestic animals (we call these jumps ?disease emergence?). The study will be conducted in Nairobi, the capital of Kenya, because previous work has identified urban and peri-urban (UPU) settings as important places where such a jump can take place, but few studies have examined the particular circumstances of the UPU environment that cause this to happen in any useful detail.This proposal aims to bring together diverse expertise, to think laterally about the problem of zoonotic and food-borne disease emergence in UPU settings, and to develop new approaches to tackling it. The most important aspect of our approach is the inclusion of a very wide diversity of expertise and backgrounds, covering the breadth of topics that matter in UPU environments. Our aim is to consider the issues, data needs and research opportunities from these different perspectives, supported by extensive analysis of the existing literature and a small pilot data collection exercise. The priorities and approaches that emerge from these activities will form the basis for a further application to gather complete data sets and provide the evidence-base for changes to policy.