FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF PERCEPTUAL AND MEMORY SYSTEMS IN THE PRIMATE BRAIN

为了更好地理解视觉关联皮层在感知中的作用 和记忆，我们已经检查了组成这一功能的区域， 皮质的猕猴，并探讨其相互联系的使用， 神经解剖示踪技术结合生理 记录神经活动。 我们的研究结果表明， 的独立视觉区位于超出纹状体皮层（V1）的流 信息处理。这些区域被组织成两个不同的 皮层通路，每一个都有V1作为其初始输入的来源。 一个是枕颞通道，它能识别物体， 而另一条是枕顶通路， 物体之间的空间关系以及视觉引导 运动 而沿着进入颞叶的区域 似乎被组织成一个层次结构，其中每个区域都处理 颜色和形状，沿着进入顶叶的通路 处理刺激运动的方向。 视觉信息关于 对象身份和空间位置，最初分别处理 皮质通路，似乎是整合在皮质内位于 上级颞沟。 脑血流研究数据表明 人类和猴子一样，存在两种不同的视觉处理过程， 途径。 人类对物体身份和空间位置的处理 主要取决于后皮质和前皮质之间 右半球的区域。 与年轻人相比，老年人显示 减少了两种途径的功能分离，表明招募 属于“其他”路径的视觉区域以进行补偿 来降低每种途径的处理效率。

To better understand the role of visual association cortex in perception and memory, we have examined the functional areas that comprise this cortex in the macaque and explored their interconnections by the use of neuroanatomical tracing techniques in combination with physiological recording of neural activity. Our results indicate that a multiplicity of separate visual areas lie beyond the striate cortex (V1) in the stream of information processing. These areas are organized into two divergent cortical pathways, each having V1 as the source of its initial input. One, an occipitotemporal pathway, enables the recognition of objects, while the other, an occipitoparietal pathway, mediates the appreciation of spatial relationships among objects as well as the visual guidance of movement. Whereas the areas along the pathway into the temporal lobe appear to be organized as a hierarchy, in which each area processes both color and form, the areas along the pathway into the parietal lobe process the direction of stimulus motion. Visual information about object identity and spatial location, initially processed in separate cortical pathways, appears to be integrated in cortex located within the superior temporal sulcus. Data from cerebral blood flow studies indicate the existence in humans, as in monkeys, of two distinct visual processing pathways. In humans, processing of object identity and spatial location depends primarily on functional interactions between posterior cortical areas in the right hemisphere. Old subjects, compared to young, show reduced functional separation of the two pathways, suggesting recruitment of visual areas belonging to the "other" pathway in order to compensate for reductions in each pathway's processing efficiency.