Phase I/II clinical trial evaluating AAV-mediated gene therapy for a severe paediatric metabolic liver disease: Ornithine Transcarbamylase deficiency

鸟氨酸转氨酶缺乏症(OTCD)是一种罕见的X连锁遗传病，其特征是完全或部分缺乏鸟氨酸转氨酶(OTC)。非处方药是尿素循环的关键元素，通过它，肝脏可以分解并从体内清除多余的氮。OTCD患者在血液中以过量氨(高氨血症)的形式积累氮。氨是有毒的，患者会出现“高氨性失代偿”，症状包括呕吐、自主活动障碍和进行性嗜睡。如果不进行治疗，这些疾病可能会发展为昏迷和危及生命的并发症。患有严重OTCD的男性在出生后几天内出现症状。除了死亡的重大风险外，过量氨的神经毒性效应还会导致长期的神经异常，如智力残疾、发育迟缓和脑瘫。与较轻形式的这种疾病(可能稍后出现在男女儿童和成人中)一样，婴儿可以通过清氨药物和饮食干预进行治疗，但仍会发生高氨血症失代偿。新生儿起病的OTCD患者需要肝移植(LT)才能长期存活。虽然肝移植可以挽救生命，但这种干预的机会仍然有限，并不是没有死亡和发病的风险。在便于获取供体肝组织的外科实践中取得了进展，包括“活体供体部分肝移植”和“减量肝移植”，即婴儿和儿童接受成人肝脏的一部分。然而，患者和他们的家人仍然面临终身免疫抑制和医学随访的挑战。欧洲指南建议对那些3至12个月大的表型严重的患者进行LT，因为在这种代谢不稳定的患者中进行新生儿移植被认为风险太大。在过去十年中，在英国移植的15名儿童OTCD患者中，只有4名是这个年龄段的。其他所有人都超过3岁，都有长期的神经损伤。我们开发了一种以腺相关病毒(AAV)为基础的基因治疗(AAV-LK03-OTC)，以特异性靶向肝脏并恢复OTC的功能表达。我们的方法包括对OTCD婴儿进行单一的基因治疗，以提供肝脏代谢的即时正常化，从而降低因高氨性失代偿而死亡的急性风险。这样的治疗将成为通往移植的桥梁，使儿科患者能够继续在代谢稳定的条件下成长，直到移植成为可能，同时也将与高氨血症相关的长期神经发病率降至最低。我们的实验室实验证明，与其他AAV相比，AAV-LK03-OTC靶向肝细胞的能力增强，并诱导功能性OTC的表达增加。我们已经在这种遗传病的实验小鼠模型中证明了AAV-LK03-OTC可以恢复肝功能，目前正在进行动物研究，以测试AAV-LK03-OTC的安全性。最近，其他病毒基因疗法的成功进入了早期临床试验(例如，针对血友病B的AAV8)和更多的肝细胞靶向性(AAV-LK03和GT；肝细胞转化是AAV8的10倍)，增强了人们对这种方法是安全的信心。我们现在将把我们的临床前发现转化为进行I/II期剂量发现临床试验，评估AAV-LK03-OTC的安全性和有效性。由于儿童是OTCD人群中最大的未得到满足的需求，我们的目标是在英国招募12名儿科患者，为这一变革性先进疗法的后期开发和商业化提供早期临床数据。该项目旨在改变儿科OTCD患者的临床管理，并提供适用于许多其他肝脏遗传性代谢性疾病的关键基因治疗证据。

Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency (OTCD) is a rare X-linked genetic disorder characterized by complete or partial lack of the enzyme ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC). OTC is a key element of the urea cycle, whereby the liver breaks down and removes surplus nitrogen from the body. OTCD patients accumulate nitrogen in the form of excess ammonia (hyperammonemia) in the blood. Ammonia is toxic and patients suffer 'hyperammonaemic decompensations' with symptoms including vomiting, impaired voluntary movement, and progressive lethargy. If left untreated these may progress to coma and life-threatening complications. Symptoms present within a few days of birth of males with severe OTCD. As well as significant risk of mortality, the neurotoxic effects of excess ammonia result in longer-term neurological abnormalities such as intellectual disability, developmental delays, and cerebral palsy. As with milder forms of this disease (which may present later in both male and female children and adults), infants are managed with ammonia-scavenging drugs and dietary intervention, however hyperammonaemic decompensations still occur. Neonatal-onset OTCD patients require liver transplantation (LT) for long-term survival. Whilst LT can be life-saving, opportunity for this intervention remains limited and not without risk of mortality and morbidity. Advances have been made in surgical practices to facilitate access to donor liver tissue, including 'living-donor partial liver grafts' and 'reduced-liver transplantation' whereby infants and children receive a portion of an adult liver. However, both the patient and their family still remain with the challenge of life-long immunosuppression and medical follow-up. European guidelines recommend LT for those patients with severe phenotype, aged between 3 and 12 months as neonatal transplant in such metabolically unstable patients is considered too great a risk. Of 15 paediatric OTCD patients transplanted in the UK this past decade, there were only 4 of this age. All others were over 3 years old and all had long-term neurological impairment. We have developed an Adeno associated virus (AAV)-based gene therapy (AAV-LK03-OTC) to specifically target the liver and restore functional expression of OTC. Our approach encompasses the single administration of gene therapy to OTCD infants to provide immediate normalisation of liver metabolism, thereby reducing acute risk of mortality from hyperammonaemic decompensations. Such treatment would serve as a 'bridge-to-transplant' enabling paediatric patients to continue to grow in a metabolically stable condition until such time that transplantation is possible, also minimising longer-term neurological morbidity associated with hyperammonaemia. Our laboratory experiments have demonstrated the enhanced ability of AAV-LK03-OTC to target liver cells over other AAV, and to elicit elevated expression of functional OTC. We have demonstrated that AAV-LK03-OTC restores liver function in experimental mouse models of this genetic disease and are currently testing the safety of AAV-LK03-OTC in animal studies. Recent success with other viral gene therapies advanced to early clinical trials (e.g. AAV8 for Haemophilia B) and the increased targeting to liver cells (AAV-LK03 >10-fold more transformation of liver cells than AAV8) reinforce confidence in this approach as being safe. We will now translate our pre-clinical findings to conduct a Phase I/II dose-finding clinical trial assessing the safety and efficacy of AAV-LK03-OTC. As children are the OTCD population with greatest unmet need, we aim to recruit 12 paediatric patients in the UK to provide early clinical data for later stage development and commercialisation of this transformative advanced therapy. This project aims to deliver a step-change in the clinical management of paediatric OTCD patients and provide critical gene therapy evidence applicable to many other liver-inherited metabolic diseases.