Pathogen exchange at the human wildlife interface - a comprehensive molecular study on vector-borne disease in rural Sulawesi.

在包括苏拉威西在内的世界大部分地区，农村贫困人口、他们遇到的野生动物以及人类与野生动物之间潜在的病原体交流都是未知的，但人们担心新出现的人畜共患传染病会变成流行病和大流行。这里提出的合作分子研究重点是新出现的蚊媒感染，根本目标是发现人类和野生苏拉威西猕猴共享栖息地的病原体交换。作为突破性的分子研究的联合调查员和调查员，英国动物保护协会在这一领域有着良好的记录，这些研究导致在马来西亚婆罗洲的人口中发现人畜共患疟疾并确定其特征。诺氏疟原虫是猕猴的一种疟疾寄生虫，已经进入人类种群，作为这项工作的结果，现在被认为是人类第五种疟疾类型。印度尼西亚的PI是一位临床合格的医学昆虫学家，对蚊子传播疾病的媒介特别感兴趣。他拥有丰富的实地研究经验，目前在苏拉威西的哈桑丁大学工作。通过加入他们以及主要合作研究人员和合作者的专业知识，特别是在偏远农村婆罗洲(CJD)和野生动物兽医研究(DKS)的患者招募方面的专业知识，他们计划首次调查独特的苏拉威西猕猴物种和偏远农村人口内部和之间的病原体传播，特别是疟疾传播。临床、病原体、蚊子和野生动物数据将从农村人口与苏拉威西猕猴共享栖息地的研究地点产生。预期的主要成果是：1)描述在苏拉威西偏远农村人口中传播的媒介传播病原体的临床影响和分子指纹；2)确定蚊子媒介物种及其在每个地点的人与人之间传播的病原体基因；3)对以蚊子为食的媒介和猕猴部队在每个地点与人类重叠的媒介传播的病原体进行编目；4)比较蚊媒、猕猴和人类宿主产生的病原体遗传指纹，以确定宿主之间的病原体交叉事件，特别是从猕猴到人类的人畜共患交叉；5)为印度尼西亚卫生部和当地社区开发特定地点的工具和战略，以用于预防新出现的媒介传播的人畜共患病。这项研究产生的信息将立即为减少媒介传播感染和改善研究人群的健康和福祉的措施提供信息，按照定义，研究人群是偏远的农村贫困人口。该研究方案可作为该区域类似研究的模板。这一方法是具有国际竞争力的分子研究(遗传学、基因组学和生物信息学)，该伙伴关系将促进印度尼西亚在尖端传染病研究方面的人力资源和能力加强。从可持续发展目标的角度来看，我们符合官方发展援助的研究将有助于实现目标1--消除贫穷，其中包括确保穷人和弱势群体能够获得包括保健在内的基本服务。目标3健康--包括结束被忽视的热带病和疟疾。目标8--创造体面的就业机会，在这种情况下，通过在苏拉威西的生物医学研究部门建立专门知识和目标17伙伴关系--通过可持续的平等伙伴关系实现可持续发展目标。

The rural poor, the wildlife they encounter and the potential exchange of pathogens between humans and wildlife is not known in much of the world, including Sulawesi, yet emerging infections of zoonotic origin that become epidemic and pandemic are feared. The collaborative molecular study proposed here focuses on emerging mosquito-borne infections with the fundamental goal to discover pathogen exchange where humans and wild Sulawesi macaques share habitat. The UK PI has a strong track record in this field as co-investigator and investigator in ground breaking molecular research that lead to the discovery and characterization of zoonotic malaria in the human population in Malaysian Borneo. Plasmodium knowlesi, a malaria parasite of macaque monkeys, had entered the human population and as a result of that work is now recognised as the 5th type of malaria in humans. The Indonesian PI is a clinically qualified medical entomologist with special interest in mosquito vectors of disease. He has extensive field research experience and is based in Hasanuddin University, Sulawesi. By joining their expertise and that of key co-investigators and collaborators, with particular expertise in patient recruitment in remote rural Borneo (CJD) and wildlife veterinary research (DKS) they plan to investigate, for the first time, pathogen transmission, particularly malaria transmission, within and between the unique Sulawesi macaque species and remote rural populations. Clinical, pathogen, mosquito, and wildlife data will be generated from study sites where rural populations share habitat with the Sulawesi macaques. The expected primary outcomes are: 1) to describe the clinical impact and molecular fingerprint of vector-borne pathogens transmitted within remote rural populations in Sulawesi; 2) to identify mosquito vector species and the pathogen genotypes they transmit between humans at each location; 3) to catalogue mosquito vectors that feed on, and vector-borne pathogens harboured by macaque troops, that overlap with humans at each location; 4)compare pathogen genetic fingerprints generated from mosquito vectors, macaque and human hosts to determine pathogen crossover events between hosts, particularly zoonotic crossover from macaque monkeys to humans and 5) develop location-specific tools and strategies for the Indonesian department of health and local communities to use to pre-empt emerging vector-borne zoonoses. The information generated by this study will immediately inform measures to reduce vector-borne infections and improve health and wellbeing of the study populations, by definition the remote rural poor. The study protocol could be used as a template for similar study in the region. The approach is internationally competitive molecular research (genetics, genomics and bioinformatics) and the partnership will foster human resource and capacity strengthening in cutting-edge infectious disease research in Indonesia. Our ODA compliant study when viewed through the lens of the sustainable development goals (SDG's) will contribute to Goal 1 - Ending poverty that includes ensuring that the poor and vulnerable have access to basic services - including health. Goal 3 Health - that includes ending neglected tropical diseases and malaria. Goal 8 - decent job creation, in this case through building expertise in the bio-medical research sector in Sulawesi and Goal 17 Partnerships - achieving the SDG's through sustainable equal partnerships.