QUANTIFICATION OF THE MICROCLIMATE MODIFICATION PROPERTIES OF GREEN ROOFS IN THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT

相关性和科学价值绿色屋顶可以在城市环境中提供重要的生态系统服务，从生物多样性、气候变化适应、空气质量管理、建筑物的环境性能、审美/娱乐价值，到通过当地粮食种植和公众健康带来的经济价值。尽管如此，目前缺乏正式的指导或政策规定，特别是在英国，部分原因是缺乏科学研究，试图明确量化绿色屋顶的环境效益。安装绿色屋顶可以成为实现国家指标绩效目标的更广泛战略的一部分，此外还可以补充该地区正在进行的优先事项，如曼彻斯特气候变化和生物多样性战略和转基因空气质量行动计划，这为曼彻斯特市议会(MCC)提供了资助学生案例部分的动力。关键问题是绿色屋顶在适应气候变化方面发挥了什么作用？大曼彻斯特地区的最佳绿化屋顶是什么(大小、植被类型)？安装绿色屋顶的长期影响是什么(例如，所需的维护水平、在未来气候情景下的表现)？目的本项目的目的是以大曼彻斯特地区为例，定量确定屋顶绿化在改善当地环境中的作用。该项目的具体重点将是气候反馈，这将影响到绿色屋顶作为实现气候变化适应机制的作用。这项工作还将有助于在MCC和曼彻斯特大学现有和拟议工作的基础上，对生态系统服务进行更全面的评估。这项研究将使用实验监测和气候模拟相结合的方法来评估绿色屋顶的环境性能，这提供了一个具有启发性和可行性的博士课题。研究问题1.在当前和未来的气候条件下，当地的生物多样性、洪水风险、温度、空气质量如何？2.如何对绿色屋顶进行分类？3.如何对绿色屋顶进行监测，什么类型的量化指标适合描述绿色屋顶的环境影响？4.绿色屋顶可以起到什么气候变化适应作用，在当前和未来的气候条件下？5.绿色屋顶的大小和类型是否影响绿色屋顶适应气候变化的能力？6.实施绿色屋顶的环境障碍和限制绿色屋顶性能的因素(例如，干旱限制了绿色屋顶的降温效益)？7.什么是适合当地情况的“最佳做法”？合作的好处MCC将受益于在该地区推广绿色屋顶的科学支持证据。该奖学金将评估该地区发展绿色屋顶的可行性，并为曼彻斯特的绿色屋顶提供最佳实践指南。对于学生来说，他们工作的政策相关性将是隐含的。MCC将提供该地区生物多样性方面的专业知识，访问谢菲尔德绿色屋顶中心的主要数据库和联系人，并通过绿色屋顶指导文件和培训活动(与红玫瑰森林联合举办)提供良好的知识转让机会。该奖学金将进一步加强大学和理事会之间的现有联系，这些联系是通过EPSRC ASCCUE和SCORCHIO项目建立的。设备设备的提供将通过大学的相关研究项目进行。可用的设备包括：Rotronics空气温度和RH传感器、用于风速和风向的Gill Sonic风速计、Delta-T BF3辐射和阳光传感器、倾斜式雨量计、Vaisala便携式气象站、土壤水分theta探头。学生还将有机会接触到适当的软件，如ArcGIS、MapInfo、MATHEMICA和MATLAB。

RELEVANCE & SCIENTIFIC VALUE Green roofs can provide important ecosystem services within the urban environment from biodiversity, climate change adaptation, air quality management, environmental performance of buildings, aesthetic/recreational value, to economic value through local food growing and public health benefits. In spite of this there is currently a lack of formalised guidance or policy provision, particularly in the UK, due in part to the lack of scientific research which attempts to explicitly quantify the environmental benefits of green roofs. Green roof installation can form part of a wider strategy towards achieving National Indicator performance targets, in addition to complementing ongoing priorities for the region, such as the Manchester Climate Change and Biodiversity Strategies and the GM Air Quality Action Plan, and this has provided the motivation for Manchester City Council (MCC) to fund the CASE element of the studentship. Key issues are what role do green roofs play in climate change adaptation? What is a best practice green roof for the Greater Manchester region (size, type of vegetation)? What are the longer term implications of green roof installation (e.g. level of maintenance required, performance under future climate scenarios)? AIM The project aim is to quantitatively establish the role of green roofs in improving the local environment using the case study area of Greater Manchester. The specific emphasis of the project will be on climate feedbacks which affect the role of green roofs as a mechanism for delivering climate change adaptation. The work will also have relevance for a fuller assessment of ecosystem services building on existing and proposed work by MCC and the University of Manchester. The research will use a combination of experimental monitoring and climate modelling to assess the environmental performance of green roofs, which offers a stimulating and feasible PhD topic. RESEARCH QUESTIONS 1. What is the local context in terms of biodiversity, flood risk, temperature, air quality, under current and future climate conditions? 2. How can green roofs be classified? 3. How can green roofs be monitored and what type of quantitative index is appropriate for describing the environmental implications of green roofs? 4. What climate change adaptation role could green roofs play, under current and future climate conditions? 5. Does the size and type of green roof effect the capacity of the green roof for climate change adaptation? 6. What are the environmental barriers to implementation and limitations for green roof performance (e.g. drought limiting the cooling benefits of green roofs)? 7. What is a 'best practice' green roof for the local context? BENEFITS OF THE COLLABORATION MCC will benefit from scientific supporting evidence to promote green roofs in the region. The studentship will assess feasibility for green roof development in the region and provide best practice guidelines for green roofs in Manchester. For the student, the policy-relevance of their work will be implicit. MCC will provide expertise in biodiversity in the region, access to key databases and contacts at the Green Roof Centre in Sheffield, and excellent opportunities for knowledge transfer through the Green Roof Guidance Document and training events (run jointly with Red Rose Forest). The studentship will further strengthen existing links between the University and the council, which were established through the EPSRC ASCCUE and SCORCHIO projects. EQUIPMENT Equipment provision will be via related research projects at the University. Available equipment includes: Rotronics Air Temperature & RH sensors, Gill Sonic Anemometer for windspeed and direction, Delta-T BF3 Radiation and Sunshine Sensor, tipping rain gauge, Vaisala portable weather station, soil moisture theta probe. The student will also have access to appropriate software such as ArcGIS, MapInfo, Mathematica and MATLAB.