Diversity in Upland Rivers for Ecosystem Service Sustainability - DURESS

由于英国的水资源价值每年2000亿GB，英国38.9万公里的河流生态系统可以说是我们最重要的。除了提供水，它们还提供其他主要的生态系统服务，如洪水和水质的调节；通过提供能量和营养支持邻近的生态系统；以及具有魅力的生物体、娱乐和教育的巨大文化价值。然而，生物和生态系统功能如何在河流中维持这些服务的方式却知之甚少。尽管流域土地使用的变化以及气候变化对河流生物产生了巨大的持续影响，但这一点仍然存在。成本影响很大，例如，对休闲渔业、水处理成本和高价值河流生物多样性的影响。相比之下，几乎没有考虑到通过加强有益的河流内生物来积极利用管理来增加河流的生态系统服务价值的机会。在这个项目中，我们将重点介绍四个明确以生物多样性为中介的河流生态系统服务实例：水质的调节；分解的调节；渔业和休闲捕鱼；以及具有文化价值的生物多样性的河流鸟类。每一个都面临气候/土地利用变化的风险，说明它们在不同的时间尺度上对干扰阈值的敏感性。这些服务的市场价值各不相同，都需要一个综合的物理、生物地球化学、生态和社会经济科学观点，没有一个项目伙伴能够单独提供这些观点。利用河流微生物、无脊椎动物、鱼类和河流鸟类，在从基因到食物网的组织水平上，我们将检验最重要的假设：在不断变化的土地利用和气候下，生物多样性是可持续提供旱地河流生态系统服务的核心。具体地说，我们将问：1.旱地河流提供的服务范围是什么？哪些是生物中介的？2.生物多样性(从基因到食物网)与服务提供之间的联系是什么？3.河流生物多样性如何影响生态系统服务提供的速度或弹性？4.集水区土地利用/管理和气候的变化如何影响河流生物群？5.应如何管理河流生物多样性以维持生态系统服务？这项工作将在从小型试验性集水区到整个区域的空间尺度和从半年到三十多年的时间尺度上在威尔士高地展开，这是英国一个明确的地理区域，拥有项目所需的特别丰富的空间广泛和长期数据。

With the UK's water valued at £200 billion p.a., Britain's 389,000 km of river ecosystems are arguably our most important. In addition to providing water, they supply other major ecosystem services such as the regulation of flooding and water quality; support to adjacent ecosystems by supplying energy and nutrients; and large cultural value for charismatic organisms, recreation, and education. However, the ways in which organisms and ecosystem functions maintain these services in rivers are extremely poorly understood. This is despite large ongoing effects on river organisms from changing catchment land use, and increasingly also from climate change. Cost implications are large and result, for example, from impacts on recreational fisheries, water treatment costs, and high value river biodiversity. By contrast, opportunities to use management positively to increase the ecosystem service value of rivers by enhancing beneficial in-river organisms have barely been considered. In this project, we will focus on four examples of river ecosystem services chosen to be explicitly biodiversity-mediated: the regulation of water quality; the regulation of decomposition; fisheries and recreational fishing; and river birds as culturally valued biodiversity. Each is at risk from climate/land use change, illustrating their sensitivity to disturbance thresholds over different time scales. These services vary in attributable market values, and all require an integrated physical, biogeochemical, ecological and socio-economic science perspective that none of the project partners could deliver alone. Using river microbes, invertebrates, fish and river birds at levels of organisation from genes to food webs, we will test the overarching hypothesis that: "Biodiversity is central to the sustainable delivery of upland river ecosystem services under changing land-use and climate". Specifically, we will ask: 1. What is the range of services delivered by upland rivers, and which are biologically mediated? 2. What are the links between biodiversity (from genes to food webs) and service delivery? 3. How does river biodiversity affect the rate or resilience of ecosystem service delivery through time? 4. How do changes in catchment land use/ management and climate affect river biota? 5. How should river biodiversity be managed to sustain ecosystem services? At spatial scales ranging from small experimental catchments to the whole region, and at temporal scales from sub-annual to over three decades, the work will be carried out in upland Wales as a well-defined geographical area of the UK that is particularly rich in the spatially extensive and long-term data required for the project.