MICROphysicS of COnvective PrEcipitation (MICROSCOPE).

该项目将通过解决对流云中降水的微观物理学问题，改进对强对流降雨的预测。第一次，微观物理学的研究被嵌入到一个项目中，其中包括对流云的大尺度动力学，作为对流降水实验（科普）的一部分。科普将把这项微物理研究与英国强对流天气事件的系统尺度动力学联系起来。科普还将提供一个天气系统建模方案，该方案将把对微观物理的了解用于改进对天气系统或集水范围降雨量的预测，天气预报模型现在的分辨率为1.5公里，这有助于改进对对流的位置和时间的预测。然而，定量降水预报仍然经常很差，如Boscastle事件所强调的那样（Golding等人，2005年）。这部分是由于缺乏对对流云中冰粒成核、暖雨过程、二次冰粒产生速率和随后降水粒子增长的了解。然而，高的本地积累的结果，强度（降水的微物理）和持续时间（组织和细胞之间的相互作用沿着收敛线）的降水。后一个问题和更广泛的问题将在科普的其他部分中解决。第一个问题涉及一个基本问题：特别是在高温下，冰核（IN）是如何在云中形成冰粒的？第二个问题涉及降水：降水粒子是如何形成的，产生和发展的速度如何？显微镜将通过以下方式解决解释积云中初级冰粒产生的挑战。我们将用FAAM 146飞机对地面和边界层中的气溶胶颗粒，特别是土壤和生物材料的特性进行测量。将对液滴尺寸分布的演变、过冷雨滴的可能存在以及第一批冰粒的形成进行测量，并仔细引导飞机的穿透，该飞机配备了可以明确探测和识别小冰粒的新仪器（SID，2DS，CAS-DPOL）。双极化多普勒雷达将提供第一次降水回波的位置和时间、空气运动和粒子类型的测量结果。为了解释降水的产生和发展，过程模式和NWP模式的结果将与夹带过程、暖雨过程的发展、冰粒通过扩散增长变成降水粒子的增长、雨滴冻结成<$粒子，通过二次生产过程增殖，以及形成霜。通过在不断增加的高度进行多次穿透，测量云的空间和时间的颗粒大小分布以及热力学和动力学，并通过从双极化雷达获得有关颗粒和反射率回波增加率的信息，将实现比较。显微镜的最后一步，将由英国气象局领导，是将新的信息纳入NWP模型，并对项目期间收集的数据进行测试。

This project will improve predictions of severe convective rainfall by addressing the problem of the microphysics of precipitation in convective clouds. For the first time, study of the microphysics is embedded in a project that includes the larger-scale dynamics of convective clouds, as part of the COnvective Precipitation Experiment (COPE). COPE will connect this microphysical study with the system-scale dynamics of severe convective UK weather events. COPE will also provide a programme of weather-system modelling, which will bring the microphysical understanding through to the improved prediction of rainfall at the weather-system, or catchment scale.Weather forecast models are now run at resolutions of 1.5 km, which has helped to improve the prediction of the location and timing of convection. However, quantitative precipitation forecasts are still often poor as highlighted in the Boscastle event (Golding et al., 2005). This is due in part to the lack of knowledge about the nucleation of ice particles in convective clouds, the warm rain process, and the rates of production of secondary ice particles and the subsequent growth of precipitation particles. However, high local accumulations were the result of both intensity (microphysics of precipitation) and duration (organisation of and interaction between cells along the convergence line) of precipitation. The latter issue and wider-scale problem will be addressed in other parts of COPE.There are two key parts to MICROSCOPE. The first concerns a fundamental problem: how do ice particles form in clouds as a result of ice nuclei (IN), particularly at high temperatures? The second concerns precipitation: how do precipitation particles form and what are the rates of production and development? MICROSCOPE will address the challenge of explaining the production of primary ice particles in cumulus clouds, in the following ways.* We will make measurements of the properties of the aerosol particles, particularly soils and biological material, on the ground and in the boundary-layer with the FAAM 146 aircraft.* Measurements will be made of the evolution of the droplet size distribution, the possible presence of supercooled raindrops and the formation of the first ice particles with carefully-guided penetrations of the aircraft that has been equipped with new instruments that can detect and characterise small ice particles unambiguously (SID, 2DS, CAS-DPOL).* The dual-polarisation, Doppler radars will provide measurements of the location and time of the first precipitation echoes, the air motions and the types of particles.In order to explain the production and development of precipitation, process model and NWP model results will be compared to observations of the entrainment process, the development of the warm rain process, the growth of ice particles into precipitation particles by diffusional growth, the freezing of raindrops into graupel particles, multiplication by secondary production processes, and riming. The comparisons will be achieved by making multiple penetrations at increasing altitudes measuring the particle size distributions in space and time as well as the thermodynamics and dynamics of the cloud, and by obtaining information about the particles and the rate of increase of the reflectivity echo from the dual-polarisation radar.The final step of MICROSCOPE, that will be led by the Met Office, is to incorporate the new information into NWP models and to test against the data gathered during the project.