Taking forward the United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA) resolution: Pilot to determine the air quality drivers for Sub-Saharan Africa

这一试点项目Aqd-内罗毕旨在整合低时间分辨率和高时间分辨率的低成本空气质量测量，以确定内罗毕的空气质量驱动因素，并成为撒哈拉以南非洲的示范科学研究。这项合作是NERC生态和水文学中心(CEH)、非洲斯德哥尔摩环境研究所(SEI Africa)和SEI York之间的新伙伴关系。SEI Africa是肯尼亚空气质量网络的秘书处，其成员包括国家科学、技术和创新委员会(NACOSTI)、肯尼亚气象局、国家环境管理局、环境署、内罗毕县政府和Muungano。Muunagano是一个当地社区组织，支持内罗毕非正式住区的城市居民，是国际贫民窟居民组织的肯尼亚分支机构。该项目的启动是通过CEH向SEI York的一个试点项目提供非正式设备的非正式贷款，该项目于2015年探索新方法，以了解内罗毕一个非正式定居点社区暴露在空气污染中的情况，该项目由SEI Africa协调。这项工作确定了迫切需要将化学分解的空气污染暴露研究与更具指示性的方法相结合。NERC、CEH、NC等项目已经开发出低成本的AQ监测方法。特别是，CEH发展了两种低成本低时间分辨率方法背后的科学：主动低流量采样法、用于测量无机痕量气体和形态气溶胶的长期大气采样(DEnuder)方法和测量氨的被动采样器方法(ALPHA)。这两种方法都已在英国和欧洲的网络中应用。据估计，空气质量差每年导致550万人因室内和室外污染过早死亡。2014年，联合国大会通过了一项空气质量决议，鼓励各国政府制定跨部门的标准和政策，以管理空气污染的负面影响。肯尼亚的内罗毕是一个空气质量差的城市，经常超过世界卫生组织规定的颗粒物(PM)限值。关于内罗毕空气质量差的具体化学驱动因素的信息知之甚少。AQD-内罗毕将评估将低成本、低时间分辨率监测与移动PM传感器相结合以开发空气空气质量指标的适用性。该项目的实验部分将是在KMD气象站使用Delta采样器进行为期12个月的每月分辨率PM成分测量，并在内罗毕的一个非正式定居点Mukuru进行密集的公民科学试点研究。密集的工作将由SEI York组织后勤工作，并由SEI Africa和Muungano在实地交付。社区冠军志愿者将携带移动PM背包，同时将在穆库鲁部署一个被动采样器网络。利用公民科学传播技术，将向肯尼亚利益攸关方的Muungano和空气质量网络传播简单的地图和AQ司机指标。数据解释和可视化将用于向个人和决策利益攸关方提供信息。如果成功，这项试点将为城市社区提供一种以合理的经济成本评估AQ司机的极好方法。这种“概念验证”的国际伙伴关系，应用混合技术，是为NERC在这一领域发展大规模长期伙伴关系所必不可少的第一步。AQD-内罗毕将提供仅靠英国社区或现有国际合作无法实现的新科学。

This pilot project, AQD-Nairobi, is designed to integrate low and high temporal resolution low-cost air quality (AQ) measurements to determine AQ drivers in Nairobi and be an exemplar scientific study for sub-Saharan Africa. This collaboration is a new partnership between NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH), the Stockholm Environment Institute Africa (SEI Africa) and SEI York. SEI Africa is the secretariat for the Air Quality Network for Kenya, whose membership includes National Commission for Science, Technology and Innovation (NACOSTI), Kenya Meteorology Department (KMD), the National Environment Management Authority (NEMA), UNEP, the Nairobi County Government and the Muungano. Muunagano is a local community organisation supporting urban dwellers in Nairobi's informal settlements, and is the Kenyan branch of Slum Dwellers International.The inception of the project came through an informal loan from CEH of equipment to a SEI York pilot project in 2015 exploring novel methods of understanding community exposure to air pollution in a Nairobi informal settlement, which was co-ordinated by SEI Africa. The work established the urgent need for chemically resolved air pollution exposure studies to be integrated with more indicative methods. NERC CEH NC and other projects have developed low cost AQ monitoring methods. In particular CEH has developed the science behind two low-cost low-time resolution methods: the active low flow sampling method, DEnuder for Long-Term Atmospheric sampling (DELTA) for measurement of inorganic trace gases and speciated aerosols, and a passive sampler method (ALPHAS) measuring ammonia. Both methods have been applied in networks across the UK and Europe. Poor AQ is estimated to account for 5.5 million premature deaths annually both from indoor and outdoor pollution. In 2014, the United Nations General Assembly (UNEA) adopted a resolution for AQ which would encourage governments to set standards and policies across sectors to manage the negative impacts of air pollution. Nairobi, Kenya, is a city with poor AQ which frequently exceeds limits for particulate matter (PM) set out by the World Health Organisation. Information on the chemically specific drivers of the poor AQ in Nairobi are poorly understood. AQD-Nairobi will assess the applicability of integrating low cost-low temporal resolution monitoring with mobile PM sensors to develop air AQ indicators. The experimental component of the project will be a 12 month deployment of monthly resolution PM composition measurements with DELTA samplers at the KMD meteorological station and an intensive citizen science pilot study in Mukuru, an informal settlement in Nairobi. The intensive work will be organised logistically by SEI York and delivered on the ground by SEI Africa and the Muungano. Community champion volunteers will carry the mobile PM backpacks and simultaneously a network of passive samplers will be deployed across Mukuru. Using citizen science communication techniques, simple maps and AQ driver metrics will be disseminated to the Muungano and the Air Quality Network for Kenya stakeholders. Data interpretation and visualisation will be used to deliver information to both individuals and policy-making stakeholders. If successful, this pilot will deliver an excellent approach for assessing AQ drivers at reasonable economic cost for urban communities. This "proof of concept' international partnership, applying mixed technologies is an essential first step to enable development of large-scale long-term partnerships for NERC in this area. AQD-Nairobi will deliver new science that cannot be achieved by UK communities alone or by existing international collaborations.