MOSAiC: Floe-scale observation and quantification of Arctic sea ice breakup and floe size during the autumn-to-summer transition (MOSAiCFSD)

该项目调查了所谓的边缘冰带（MIZ）的多尺度海冰过程，这是北冰洋的一个区域，通常在夏季由小而离散的浮冰组成。这个MIZ是非常动态的，很容易受到海浪和风的影响，这加强了海洋和大气之间的热量和动量交换。在过去的几十年里，这一动态MIZ不断增长，并且预计将增长到更大的程度（到2080年，几乎所有的海冰覆盖都将成为MIZ）。在这个不断扩大的MIZ中，固有的过程是海冰冻结、变形、春季破裂和夏季融化。在秋季，开放的水和浮冰在夏季融化后幸存下来，形成了一个连续的冬季冰盖，其中包含了多年冰（去年夏天形成的）、第一年冰（秋天形成的）和新形成的冰（后来形成的）的混合物。这个冬天的冰然后变形和断裂，形成铅/裂缝或脊。在春天，这种冬天的冰分裂成小的离散的浮冰，这些浮冰将在夏天进一步分裂或融化。我们假设浮冰的这种季节性演变是有联系的，应该被理解为改善海冰-海洋/气候模式预测。在这个项目中，我们的目标是在长达一年的MOSAiC漂流站产生新的观测数据并了解浮冰的季节性演变。为此，我们将结合高精度GNSS浮标、漂流器和航空/卫星观测，开展小规模（2公里以下）海冰结冰、变形、春季破裂和夏季融化的观测。该小尺度观测数据将与大尺度观测数据（2公里以上）、冰型/特征和浮冰大小相结合，形成独特的多尺度数据集，提供全面的浮冰季节性图像。我们还将探索将生成的数据集纳入特定模型的可能性，以测量和演示我们的过程研究的影响。从该项目中获得的数据集和知识将使建模社区能够开发、校准和验证他们新的/现有的海冰-海洋模型参数化和气候模型，从而改善北极的气候预测，并为国家和国际气候变化问题管理机构提供改进的建议。

This project investigates multi-scale sea ice processes in the so-called marginal ice zone (MIZ), a region in the Arctic Ocean typically consisting of small, discrete ice floes in summer. This MIZ is very dynamic, easily affected by waves and wind, which enhances the heat and momentum exchanges between ocean and atmosphere. This dynamic MIZ has been grown during past decades, and is projected to grow to an even greater extent (almost all sea ice cover becoming the MIZ by 2080). The very inherent process within this expanding MIZ is sea ice freeze-up, deformation, spring breakup and summer melt. In autumn, open water and ice floes survived the summer melt consolidate to form a continuous sheet of winter ice that contains a mixture of multiyear ice (from last summer), first-year (grown from autumn) and newly formed ice (grown later season). This winter ice is then deformed and fractured to form leads/cracks or ridges. In spring, this winter ice breaks apart into small discrete floes, which will be further broken apart or melt in summer. We hypothesize that this seasonal evolution of ice floes is linked and should be understood to improve sea ice-ocean/climate model prediction. In this project, we aim to generate new observational data and understanding of this seasonal evolution of ice floes, at the year-long MOSAiC drifting station. For this, we will conduct small-scale (below 2 km) observation of sea ice freeze-up, deformation, spring breakup and summer melt using a combination of high-precisions GNSS buoys, drifters and airborne/satellite observations. This small-scale observational data will be combined with large-scale observation of deformation (above 2 km), ice types/features and floe size, forming a unique multi-scale data set, which will provide a comprehensive picture of the seasonal of ice floes. We will also explore the possibility to incorporate the generated data set into specific models to measure and demonstrate the impact of our process study. The data set and knowledge gained from this project will enable modelling communities to develop, calibrate and validate their new/existing model parameterisations of sea ice-ocean and climate models, thus improving climate projection in the Arctic and providing improved advice to national and international governing bodies for climate change issues.