BOULDER: Accounting for BOUlders in Landslide-flood Disaster Evaluation and Resilience

山体滑坡和洪水是全球性的自然灾害，对人类生命和可持续发展构成重大威胁。滑坡造成的损失最严重的是亚洲和南美洲经济较不发达的国家，特别是那些有山区地形、地震和季风气候的国家。这些地区的山体滑坡和落石经常会使断裂的基岩脱落，并将大块巨石带下山，阻塞道路，摧毁建筑物并造成人员死亡。巨石进入河道网后，可能会被大洪水推平，堵塞水电基础设施，危及电力供应和经济。因此，巨石可能会造成一连串的危险。该项目解决了尼泊尔上博特科希流域受巨石影响的利益攸关方提请我们注意的具体滑坡和洪水风险管理问题，尼泊尔是世界上最容易发生滑坡和洪水的国家之一。该项目还解决了以下方面缺乏数据和科学认识的问题：（i）山坡上的巨石生产（例如山体滑坡），（ii）洪水中的巨石运输。在这个为期两年的项目中，一个跨学科的研究小组将与项目合作伙伴密切合作，（1）绘制巨石图，并调查滑坡和岩崩对山坡巨石生产的控制，（2）开发一个新的实时全球定位系统巨石跟踪系统，以提高对洪水中巨石运动的了解，并监测危险巨石（3）与利益攸关方接触，将调查结果纳入灾害管理计划，并最终提高对滑坡和洪水灾害的复原力。该项目将重点关注尼泊尔加德满都东北部的Upper Bhote Koshi（UBK）集水区，并在设计时考虑到UBK中处理与滑坡和洪水相关的巨石危害的特定最终用户。这一地区特别容易受到巨石灾害的影响，因为它是尼泊尔和中国之间的主要道路连接，并包含几个主要的水力发电厂，包括上博特科希水力发电厂（UBKHEP）。该集水区囊括了尼泊尔面临的众多自然灾害。2015年，该流域受到廓尔喀地震的震动，产生了尼泊尔任何地方最高密度的滑坡。2016年7月，一场复杂的季风山洪携带了巨大的巨石（>8米），其中一些巨石堵塞了UBKHEP的闸门，最终导致电站损失超过1.1亿美元。该电站仍然关闭，导致收入损失，并损害了尼泊尔的能源供应。随着电力公司的重建和下游的另一个水力发电站的建设，适当考虑未来山体滑坡和洪水中的巨石危险将是至关重要的。该项目汇集了一个由英国、德国和尼泊尔的研究人员组成的跨学科团队，以及帮助确定该项目将解决的问题的几个项目合作伙伴。在这项研究中开发的巨石灾害地图和巨石跟踪系统将有助于使Bhote Koshi电力公司和更广泛的水电行业更能抵御滑坡和洪水灾害。该研究还将使管理交通基础设施的组织和生活在Bhote Koshi陡峭、易发生滑坡的山坡上的社区受益。我们将举办两个项目研讨会，在尼泊尔实际行动咨询公司的帮助下，将项目合作伙伴和来自行业，当地社区和政府机构的相关利益相关者聚集在一起，研究巨石危害感知，并将这项研究纳入地方和国家治理层面的风险管理实践，最终帮助尼泊尔和南亚的发展。

Landslides and floods are globally occurring natural hazards that pose a significant threat to human life and sustainable development. The most severe losses due to landslides occur in the less economically developed countries of Asia and South America, particularly in those with mountainous topography, earthquakes and monsoonal climates. Landslides and rockfalls in these regions often detach fractured bedrock and deliver large boulders downslope that block roads, destroy buildings and kill people. On entering the river channel network, boulders may be bulldozed by large floods and block hydropower infrastructure, jeopardizing electricity supply and the economy. Thus, boulders may cause a cascade of hazards. This project addresses specific landslide and flood risk management problems brought to our attention by stakeholders impacted by boulders in the Upper Bhote Koshi catchment in Nepal, one of the most landslide and flood-prone countries in the world. This project also addresses a lack of data and scientific understanding of (i) boulder production on hillslopes (e.g. by landslides), (ii) boulder transport in floods. In this two year project, an inter-disciplinary team of researchers will work closely with project partners to (1) map boulders and investigate the controls on boulder production on hillslopes by landslides and rockfalls, (2) develop a new real-time GPS boulder tracking system with which to improve understanding of boulder movement in floods and monitor hazardous boulders (3) engage with stakeholders to incorporate findings into disaster management plans and ultimately to increase resilience to landslide and flood hazards. The project will focus on the Upper Bhote Koshi (UBK) catchment to the north east of Kathmandu, Nepal, and has been designed with specific end users in mind in the UBK that are dealing with boulder hazards related to landslide and floods. This area is particularly vulnerable to boulder hazards as it is the main road link between Nepal and China and contains several major hydroelectric power plants including the Upper Bhote Koshi Hydroelectric Power plant (UBKHEP). The catchment encapsulates the multitude of natural hazards faced by Nepal. In 2015 the catchment was shaken by the Gorkha earthquake generating some of the highest densities of landsliding anywhere in Nepal. In July 2016, a complex monsoon flash flood entrained extremely large boulders (>8 m) some of which became jammed in the sluice gates of the UBKHEP culminating in more than $110 m damage to the power station. The power station remains closed resulting in lost revenue and compromising Nepal's energy supply. As the power company rebuilds and a further hydroelectric power station is built just downstream, it will be vital to properly account for future boulder hazards in landslide and floods. The project brings together an interdisciplinary team of researchers based in the UK, Germany and Nepal with several project partners that have helped to define the problems that this project will address. The boulder hazard map and boulder tracking system developed in this research will help make the Bhote Koshi Power Company and wider hydropower industry more resilient to landslide and flood hazards. The research will also benefit organizations managing transport infrastructure and communities living on steep, landslide prone hillslopes in the Bhote Koshi. We will hold two project workshops bringing together project partners and relevant stakeholders from industry, local communities and government institutions with the help of Practical Action Consulting Nepal, to research boulder hazard perception and enhance uptake of this research into risk management practice at local and national governance level and ultimately to aid development in Nepal and South Asia.