The interactive effects of physiology and climate change on capture vulnerability of individual fish

越来越多的证据表明，巨大的商业捕捞压力不仅正在耗尽鱼类种群，而且还导致鱼类种群的进化变化。特别是，大量研究表明，选择性捕捞正在改变野生鱼类种群的生长速度、身体大小和繁殖力。最近的研究还表明，除了身体大小之外，还有一系列特征也可能影响鱼类对渔具的脆弱性--从而影响渔业诱导的进化。例如，在一个给定的物种中，与能量需求和游泳能力相关的生理特征的变化特别可能通过各种机制影响捕获的脆弱性。关键的是，许多可能使个体容易被捕捞捕获的相同特征也可能与鱼类对气候变化的敏感性有关。对于鱼类来说，有氧能力、游泳表现、代谢率和摄食量等因素都会受到环境温度的影响。因此，由于鱼类在整个栖息地活动时暴露在不同的环境条件下，最容易被捕获的个体可能会根据当时的温度发生变化。将行为和呼吸限制纳入其中的新的建模方法非常适合于对种群如何应对捕鱼和气候变化的协同影响做出预测。然而，这些模型迫切需要关于生理表型如何影响个体鱼在自然环境中捕获的脆弱性的信息。我们建议使用目前跟踪野生鱼类活动的技术来检查：(1)热生理中的个体变异性是否影响栖息地的使用和捕捞的脆弱性；以及(2)捕鱼对表型的选择是否会降低鱼类种群应对气候变化的能力。事实上，捕鱼可能会导致鱼类内在生理特征的进化变化，这些变化到目前为止还没有被注意到，但这可能对影响物种的地理分布、适应能力和应对环境退化的能力至关重要。这一多学科项目将通过生成自然环境中基于特征的捕捞脆弱性和栖息地利用的数据，然后将这些数据直接输入模型框架，以了解捕捞和气候变化在不同时间尺度上对种群的交互影响，来解决这一关键的知识差距。

There is increasing evidence that intense commercial fishing pressure is not only depleting fish stocks but also causing evolutionary changes to fish populations. In particular, a wide body of research suggests size-selective harvesting is altering growth rates, body size, and fecundity in wild fish populations. More recent work also suggests that there are a range of traits besides body size which could also affect the vulnerability of fish to fishing gears - and therefore the fisheries-induced evolution. For example, within a given species, variation in physiological traits related to energy demand and swimming ability are especially likely to influence vulnerability to capture through a variety of mechanisms. Critically, many of the same traits that may make individuals vulnerable to capture by fishing could also be linked to a fish's sensitivity to climate change. For fishes, factors such as aerobic capacity, swimming performance, metabolic rate and feeding levels are all affected by ambient temperature. Therefore, as fish are exposed to varying environmental conditions while moving throughout a habitat, the individuals that are most susceptible to capture may change depending on the prevailing temperature. Novel modelling approaches that incorporate behaviour and respiratory constraints are well suited to generate predictions for how populations may respond to the synergistic effects of fishing and climate change. However, such models urgently need information on how physiological phenotypes affect vulnerability of individual fish to capture in a natural setting. We propose to use current technology for tracking the movements of wild fish to examine: (1) whether individual variability in thermal physiology affects habitat use and vulnerability to capture; and (2) if selection on phenotypes by fishing make fish populations less able to cope with changing climates. Indeed, fishing may be causing evolutionary changes to the intrinsic physiological traits of fish that have so far gone unnoticed but which could be crucial for influencing species' geographic distributions, resilience, and capacity to respond to environmental degradation. This multi-disciplinary project will address this critical gap in knowledge by generating data on trait-based capture vulnerability and habitat use in a natural environment and then feeding this data directly into a modelling framework for understanding the interactive effects of fishing and climate change on populations over various timescales.