Monitor for AeRosols and GAses - Fluxes of Inorganic and Organic compounds (MARGA-FIO)

定量反应气体和气溶胶通量对于提高对多种地球化学变化下地球系统的基本认识至关重要。为了建立下一代模型，我们有必要了解化学物种之间的相互作用。新兴技术现在通过构建第一个MARGA-FIO系统提供了实现这一目标的手段。MARGA-FIO代表“监测气溶胶和气体-通量的无机和有机化合物”。这一新设施将集成一个双通道双柱在线离子色谱系统，该系统围绕最近推出的仪器（2060 MARGA）构建。该设施将是全球独一无二的，它包括两个采样通道和两个环境封闭区，在两个不同的高度进行采样，从而可以确定水溶性无机和有机大气成分的通量。在通量模式下，MARGA-FIO将提供高分辨率（每小时）浓度分布，以便可以测量向大气中的排放或向表面的沉积。测量的痕量气体包括氨（NH3）、盐酸（HCl）、硝酸（HNO 3）、亚硝酸（HONO）、二氧化硫（SO2）和气溶胶物质铵（NH 4+）、钠（Na+）、钾（K+）、钙（Ca 2+）、镁（Mg 2+）、氯化物（Cl-）、硝酸盐（NO3-）和硫酸盐（SO 42-）。在PM模式下，MARGA-FIO除了测量气相外，还将在线测量不同粒径截止值（PM 1、PM2.5和PM10）的PM化学成分。这种能力是独一无二的，因为MARGA-FIO可以化学解析大气-生态系统交换的PM和痕量气体的80%以上。MARGA-FIO独特应用的三个例子是：i）高分辨率的NH3和HNO 3、NH 4+、NO3-、胺的发射和沉积速率或“通量”。这一点很重要，因为来自农业（NH3）和运输/工业（二氧化氮、NO2、HNO 3）的氮（N）污染导致复杂的大气污染，影响人类健康并破坏自然生态系统。MARGA-FIO的低检测限将使研究污染物沉积到我们受保护的生态系统成为可能。通过测量一系列关键的氮化合物，该仪器将提供农业、运输和工业对大气影响的整体情况，并检测旨在减少一种化合物排放的措施在何处与另一种化合物相互作用（污染物交换或共同效益）。ii）HCl和Cl的通量：在中国和印度的NERC空气污染和人类健康研究计划的最新研究中，英国和国际研究小组在卤素物质，特别是HCl和Cl-的通量测量能力方面显然存在差距。在北京和德里观察到高浓度的氯化物污染，这与废物燃烧过程有关。然而，对这些物质的来源和大气途径知之甚少。MARGA-FIO将是英国大气研究界第一个可以量化这些重要污染物通量的仪器。它还可以解析盐基阳离子（钠、钾、镁、钙）的浓度和通量，这些阳离子是困扰官方发展援助国家（如印度、东非）的粉尘的一部分。（三）有机污染物通量：我们对大气的理解中缺少的一个组成部分是有机PM成分和气体（如二羧酸）的排放和沉积速率。MARGA-FIO将提供一个全球性的逐步变化，对以前未测量的地表-大气界面过程进行定量测量。这些数据将与英国社区现有的在线气溶胶质谱仪补充现有能力，提供急需的浓度和排放率/沉积速度，以限制空气质量和气候模型。

Quantifying reactive gas and aerosol fluxes is vital to improve fundamental understanding of the Earth-System under multiple biogeochemical changes. To establish the next generation of models, it is necessary that we understand the interactions between chemical species. Emerging technology now provides the means to achieve this by building the first MARGA-FIO system. MARGA-FIO stands for "Monitor for AeRosols and GAses - Fluxes of Inorganic and Organic compounds". This new facility will integrate a two-channel two-column on-line ion chromatography system built around a recently launched instrument (2060 MARGA). The facility will be globally unique in incorporating two sampling channels and two environmental enclosures, to sample at two different heights, allowing flux determination of water soluble inorganic and organic atmospheric constituents.In flux-mode, MARGA-FIO will provide high resolution (hourly) concentration profiles so that the emission into the atmosphere or deposition to the surface can be measured. The trace gases measured cover ammonia (NH3), hydrochloric acid (HCl), nitric acid (HNO3), nitrous acid (HONO), sulphur dioxide (SO2), and the aerosol species ammonium (NH4+), sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), chloride (Cl-), nitrate (NO3-) and sulphate (SO42-). The instrument will also have the capability to quantify fluxes of amines and organic acids (e.g. dicarboxylic acids), which will be a world first.In PM-mode, MARGA-FIO will measure online PM chemical composition at different size cut-offs (PM1, PM2.5 and PM10), in addition to the gas phase. This capability is unique as MARGA-FIO could chemically resolve >80% of the atmosphere-ecosystem exchange of PM and trace gases. Three examples of unique applications of the MARGA-FIO are:i) High resolution emission and deposition rates or "fluxes" of NH3 and HNO3, NH4+, NO3-, amines. This is important because nitrogen (N) pollution originating from agriculture (NH3) and transport/industry (nitrogen dioxide, NO2, HNO3) leads to complex atmospheric pollution impacting human health and damaging natural ecosystems. A low detection limit of MARGA-FIO will enable the study of pollutant deposition to our protected ecosystems. By measuring a range of key N compounds, the instrument will provide a holistic picture of the atmospheric impact of agriculture, transport and industry and detect where measures aimed at reducing the emission of one compound interacts with another (pollutant-swapping or co-benefits). ii) Fluxes of HCl and Cl : In recent studies of the NERC Air Pollution and Human Health research programmes in China and India, it became apparent that there is a gap in flux measurement capability for halogen species, particularly HCl and Cl- , both by UK and international research groups. High concentrations of chloride pollution are observed in Beijing and Delhi, which are associated to waste combustion processes. However, the sources and atmospheric pathways are poorly understood. MARGA-FIO would be the first instrument in the UK atmospheric research community which can quantify the fluxes of these important pollutants. It can also resolve concentration and fluxes of base cation (sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium) which form part of the dust that troubles ODA countries (e.g. India, East Africa). iii) Organic pollutant fluxes: One of missing components in our understanding of the atmosphere is the rate of emission and deposition of organic PM constituents and gases, such as dicarboxylic acids. MARGA-FIO would offer a global step-change in quantitative measurement of previously un-measured processes at the surface-atmosphere interface. The data would complement existing capability with on-line Aerosol Mass Spectrometry available in the UK community, delivering much needed concentrations and emission rates / deposition velocities for constraining air quality and climate models.