Airborne Holographic Imaging Probe

云在理解未来气候变化方面发挥着关键作用，它们在全球模式中的代表性是预测未来气候变化的最大不确定性。含有冰相的云是人们所知最少的云之一，因此在气候模型中表现得最差。在天气预报模型中正确表示这些云也非常重要。在温度略低于0 ℃时，大气中能够引发冰相（冰形成核）的气溶胶颗粒浓度很小。冰相一旦形成，就非常有效地将云水转化为雪和冰雹。这些福尔斯从云层中落下，耗尽了云层中的水分，导致云层破裂，并在地表产生降水。冰的发展对云与太阳短波辐射的相互作用也有显著的影响。这是因为许多小水滴部分被更少的具有复杂形状的较大冰晶所取代。需要对云的微观物理学进行新的测量，以提高对大气模型中这些问题的理解和处理。目前在研究飞机上使用的仪器很难测量与冰相起源有关的小冰晶。它们与云相互作用的方式通常由它们最近的水滴和较大的冰粒决定。在温度略低于0 ℃（低至-20 ℃）时，形成冰的气溶胶的短缺意味着导致冰粒倍增（有时是几个数量级）的自然过程是非常重要的，并且取决于冰粒和其他云粒子之间的相互作用。这项建议是获得一种新的仪器，即机载全息成像探测器，它将使我们能够以高分辨率同时测量所有云粒子，它们的形状，大小和在其样品体积内的相对位置。此外，这些测量将不会受到与其他当前测量技术相关联的许多伪影的影响。新仪器的关键部件将由德国美因茨大学为我们建造，该大学开发了该探测器的前一版本。其他组件将从美因茨大学使用的相同供应商处购买，以保持与其久经考验的系统的兼容性。然而，我们将构建一个具有更快相机和更大样本量的仪器，以更可靠地检测小冰晶的位置及其在云中的相对位置，以及测量它们的大小分布和形状。然后，该仪器将安装在英国社区研究飞机FAAM BAE 146上，为英国云科学界提供这种改进的能力。我们已经操作了一系列其他探测器来测量这种和其他飞机上的更大的冰粒、水滴和降水。有了这台新仪器，我们将在云微物理测量能力和理解方面向前迈出重要一步，通过提供新的和改进的数据来弥合一个重要的差距，这些数据可以提供给那些开发气候和天气预报模型的人。

Clouds play a key role in understanding future climate change and their representation in global models represents the biggest uncertainty in predicting future climate change. Clouds containing the ice phase are among those about which least is known and as a result are the most poorly represented in climate models. Correct representation of these clouds in weather forecasting models is also very important. The concentration of aerosol particles in the atmosphere that can initiate the ice phase (ice forming nuclei) at temperatures slightly below 0C is small. The ice phase, once formed, very effectively converts cloud water into snow and hail. This falls from the cloud depleting it of water, leading to its break-up, as well as producing precipitation at the surface. The development of ice also has a marked influence on the interaction of the cloud with short wave radiation from the sun. This is because numerous small water droplets are partly replaced by fewer larger ice crystals with complex shapes. New measurements of the microphysics of the cloud are needed to improve the understanding and treatment of these issues in atmospheric models. Current instruments used on research aircraft have difficulty measuring small ice crystals associated with the origin of the ice phase. The way these interact with the cloud is often determined by their nearest neighbour water droplets and larger ice particles. At temperatures slightly below 0C (down to -20C) the shortage of ice-forming aerosols means that natural processes which lead to the multiplication (sometimes by several orders of magnitude) of the ice particles present are very important, and depend on the interactions between ice particles and other cloud particles present. This proposal is to acquire a new instrument, an Airborne Holographic Imaging Probe, which will give us the ability to simultaneously measure all the cloud particles, their shape, size and relative positions within its sample volume, at high resolution. In addition, these measurements will not suffer from many of the artefacts associated with other current measurement techniques. Key components of the new instrument will be constructed for us by the University of Mainz in Germany who developed the previous version of this probe. Other components will be purchased from the same suppliers as used by the University of Mainz to maintain compatibility with their tried and tested system. However we will construct an instrument with a faster camera and a larger sample volume to more reliably detect the position of small ice crystals and their relative position in the cloud, as well as measuring their size distribution and shape. This instrument will then be installed and flown on the UK community research aircraft, the FAAM BAE 146, to provide this improved capability to the UK cloud science community. We already operate a range of other probes to measure larger ice particles, water droplets and precipitation on this and other aircraft. With this new instrument we will make a significant step forward in our cloud microphysics measurement capability and understanding, bridging an important gap by providing new and improved data that can be made available to those developing climate and weather forecasting models.