A Systems Analysis Approach to Reduce Plastic Waste in Indonesian Societies (PISCES)

背景-印度尼西亚的塑料垃圾泄漏到环境中是世界上最高的。只有39%的废物被收集起来，每年有600万吨废物被焚烧或倾倒到环境中，污染空气、土壤、地下水、河流和海洋，破坏生态系统及其服务。2017年，印尼政府提出了一项雄心勃勃的目标，即到2025年将海洋塑料垃圾减少70%。然而，社会、行为、经济、政治和基础设施方面的挑战阻碍了该国1.7万个岛屿的进步。塑料的生产和消费以及塑料泄漏是由多种相互关联的人类决策和实践驱动的，这些决策和实践不容易分解为具体的、可管理的问题。我们需要更好地了解这些单独方面的性质以及将它们联系在一起的关系。目标————为了应对这一挑战，我们将开展一项科学研究方案，将政治、环境、经济、技术和社会学科结合起来，了解和解决失败的原因，而不是治标。目标- 1)我们将研究环境中塑料废物的来源、途径和命运，使用最先进的塑料使用、废物产生和垃圾模型来估计到达印度尼西亚周围陆地、河流和海洋的塑料流量。我们将在全国范围内开展这项工作，并在东爪哇的帕苏兰和巴厘岛的珍布拉那两个案例研究地点进行更详细的研究。我们将利用这些数据来确定热点地区，以优先考虑模型的校准和验证地点，并为政府干预计划提供信息。2)我们将通过在一系列热点地区进行垃圾调查来校准和验证模型，从排放到环境的角度以及从源头到海洋的距离增加，对不同的废物和垃圾进行计数和分类。3)研究塑料废弃物泄漏对生态系统服务、生态系统功能和社会经济结构的影响。4)我们将使用焦点小组和调查来增加我们对与塑料产品的消费、使用和处置相关的人类行为和文化因素的理解5)我们将在一个分析框架下协调各种大规模和货币数据类型的收集，该框架旨在评估塑料流动的复杂价值，积极（利润、效益）或消极（成本、影响）。考虑到所有环境、经济、社会、技术和政治领域，该框架允许进行全系统评估，以支持知情决策。系统的优化不仅有利于塑料资源的回收，而且确保对社会和环境的影响得到充分考虑。在此框架内使用先进的建模方法，我们将确定最有效的干预点，以便从塑料废物中创造价值，并最大限度地提高已确定解决方案的效率。6)。我们将让用户和多个利益相关者参与“活体实验室实验”，共同创造、测试和观察新的解决方案和组织结构。我们将研究设计干预的集成集（在产品，商业模式，行为改变，废物管理水平），提供指导，在哪里可以成功的干预，并指出如何在政治和法律框架的变化可以在不同的经济水平更好地管理资源的工具。利益——我们的多方利益相关者团队包括在实地设计和实施变革方案的行动交付合作伙伴以及地方和国家政府。我们的研究旨在为这些项目提供信息并增加价值，推动学术界与政府之间的相互联系，建立公私伙伴关系，实施项目。

Context - Leakage of plastic waste into the environment in Indonesia is amongst the highest in the world. Only 39% of all waste is collected and 6 million tons of waste per annum is either burnt or dumped into the environment where it contaminates the air, soil, ground water, rivers and oceans damaging ecosystems and their services. In 2017, the Indonesian government introduced an ambitious target to reduce marine plastic debris by 70% by 2025. Yet social, behavioral, economic, political and infrastructural challenges hamper progress across the country's 17,000 islands. Production and consumption of plastic and plastic leakage are driven by multiple linked human decisions and practices that are not easily disentangled into specific, manageable problems. We need a better understanding of the nature of these individual aspects and that of the relationships that link them together.Aims - To address this challenge, we will conduct a scientific research programme that brings political, environmental, economic, technical and social disciplines together to understand and address the causes of failures, rather than treating the symptoms. Objectives - 1) We will research sources, pathways and fate of plastic waste in the environment, using state of the art modelling of plastic use, waste generation and littering to estimate the volumes of plastic flows reaching the land, rivers and seas around Indonesia. We will do this at national scale and in more detail at two case study sites in Pasuran, East Java and Jembrana, Bali. We will use this data to identify hotspots to prioritize sites for calibration and validation of the model and to inform government intervention programmes 2) We will calibrate and validate the models by doing litter surveys at a range of hotspot locations to count and categorize different items of waste and litter from the point of release into the environment and at increasing distances from the source to the sea. 3) We will examine impacts of plastic waste leakage on ecosystem services, ecosystem functions and social and economic structures. 4) We will use focus groups and surveys to increase our understanding of human behavioural and cultural factors associated with the consumption, use and disposal of plastic products 5) We will harmonise the collection of various mass and monetary data types under an analytical framework that seeks to assess the complex value of plastic flows positive (profit, benefit) or negative (cost, impact). Considering all environmental, economic, social, technical and political domains the framework allows for a whole-system assessment to support informed decision-making. Optimisation of the system not only facilitates the recovery of plastic resources but also ensures that impacts on society and the environment are fully considered. Using advanced modelling approaches within this framework, we will identify the most effective points to intervene, in order to create value from plastic waste and maximise the efficiency of identified solutions. 6). We will involve users and multiple stakeholders in "living laboratory experiments" co-creating, testing and observing new solutions and organizational structures. We will examine integrated sets of design interventions (at product, business model, behavior change, waste management levels), pproviding guidance as to where successful interventions can be made, and indicating how changes in the political and legal framework can be instrumental in the better management of resources at different levels of the economy.Benefits - Our multi-stakeholder team includes action delivery partners who are designing and implementing change programmes on the ground and local and national governments. Our research is designed to inform and add value to these programmes, driving inter-connectivity between academia and government, established public-private partnerships, implementation programmes.