Spatio-temporal volcanic evolution and CO2 storage potential of the mid-Norwegian volcanic rifted margin

这项研究计划与国际海洋发现计划(IODP)396探险计划相联系，该计划将沿着挪威近海大陆边缘钻探几个科学研究钻孔。挪威边缘是与大量岩浆活动有关的被动裂谷边缘的最好研究例子之一。然而，目前与岩浆作用的起源及其对全球气候的影响有关的关键科学问题仍然存在。邮轮的目标涵盖广泛的高影响科学研究领域，包括评估冰岛烟柱对过量岩浆活动的作用，了解岩浆活动沿轴线的变化，确定火山活动的性质和沉积环境，以及评估岩浆活动在推动全球变暖(古新世始新世最高温度或PETM)中所起的作用。探险的第二个目标是评估火山序列中永久碳捕获和储存(CCS)的潜力。这项研究项目将涉及EXP 396目标中的几个，重点放在三个具体的研究领域。目标1：了解裂谷作用期间岩浆作用和喷发环境之间的相互作用。火山岩芯将被用来评估大陆裂谷期间火山作用和喷发环境在空间和时间上的变化。将对火山序列进行详细的相分析，以揭示喷发是在水下、边缘还是水下环境中发生的。地球物理测井数据将与岩心观测一起使用，以建立一个全面和综合的钻孔贯通序列的火山学模型。然后，地球物理火山模型将被用来校准该地区广泛的三维地震勘测，从而能够绘制边缘大部分地区的火山相图。该项目的这一方面将使人们对喷出岩浆活动如何与边缘规模的基准面变化联系起来有新的理解，这反过来将为测试火山裂谷边缘演化的相互竞争的模型提供新的数据，例如羽流脉冲与板块构造。目标2：评估与裂解相关的火山序列的碳捕获和储存(CCS)潜力。冰岛(CarbFix)和美国华盛顿州(Wallula)的试点研究表明，二氧化碳与玄武岩反应形成碳酸盐矿物，有效地永久储存二氧化碳。永久储存明显降低了泄漏风险，并已被证明发生在令人难以置信的快速时间尺度上，大约几年。将在Exp期间测试的大量与近海解体相关的火山序列。396可以为人为二氧化碳的永久储存提供一个替代储存地点。火山岩层序具有良好的储集性能，然而，广泛的风化和蚀变也会显著减小和堵塞孔隙结构。在这项研究中，将对火山岩芯进行岩石物理分析，以给出大西洋边缘火山序列的储集潜力和封闭能力的重要新约束。目标3：了解省内岩浆成岩作用的时空演化及其对PETM的潜在驱动作用。来自不同火山序列的地球化学分析将被用来评估地幔温度升高和/或波动是否导致挪威中部的过量岩浆活动。区域数据集将被比较，以评估熔融如何沿边缘变化，以及这些结果是否解决了相互竞争的烟柱或板块构造模型。一些地点将瞄准与分裂相关的入侵相关的热液喷口，这些入侵造成了大量温室气体的排放。高分辨率岩心-测井-地震评价，加上抛射层的同位素测年，有望改善对这些过程的年龄限制，以便更好地评价与PETM的联系。

This research proposal links to the International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Expedition 396 which will drill several scientific research boreholes along the offshore Norwegian continental margin. The Norwegian margin is one of the best studied examples of a passive rifted margin associated with voluminous magmatic activity. However, key scientific questions associated with the origins of magmatism and its impacts on global climate at this time remain. The objectives of the cruise cover a wide range of high impact scientific research areas including assessing the role of the Iceland plume on excess magmatism, understanding along axis variations in magmatism, determining the nature and depositional environment of volcanism, and assessing the role that magmatism played in driving global warming (Paleocene Eocene Thermal Maximum or PETM) at this time. A secondary goal of the expedition is to appraise the potential of permanent carbon capture and storage (CCS) in the volcanic sequences. This research project will address several of the EXP 396 objectives focusing on three specific areas of research.Objective 1: Understanding the interplay between magmatism and eruption environments during rifting. Volcanic cores will be used to appraise how volcanism and the environment of eruption changed in space and time during continental rifting. Detailed facies analyses of the volcanic sequences will be undertaken to reveal whether the eruptions occurred within subaerial, marginal, or subaqueous environments. Geophysical logging data will be used alongside core observations to build a comprehensive and integrated volcanological model for the borehole penetrated sequences. The geophysical volcanic model will then be used to calibrate extensive 3D seismic surveys in the area which in turn will enable mapping of volcanic facies over large parts of the margin. This aspect of the project will enable new understanding about how extrusive magmatism is linked to margin scale base-level changes which in turn will give new data for testing competing models for volcanic rifted margin evolution such as plume-pulsing versus plate tectonics.Objective 2: Appraising the carbon capture and storage (CCS) potential of break-up related volcanic sequences.Pilot studies on Iceland (Carbfix) and in Washington State, USA (Wallula), have demonstrated that CO2 reacts with basaltic rocks to form carbonate minerals, effectively permanently storing the CO2. Permanent storage clearly reduces the risk of leakage and has been demonstrated to occur over incredibly rapid timescales on the order of a few years. The huge volume of offshore break-up related volcanic sequences that will be tested during EXP. 396 could offer an alternative storage site for permanent storage of anthropogenic CO2. Volcanic sequences can have good reservoir properties, however, extensive weathering and alteration can also significantly diminish and clog up the pore structure. Within this study petrophysical analyses of volcanic cores will be performed to give important new constraints on the reservoir potential and sealing capacity of the Atlantic margin volcanic sequences.Objective 3: Understanding the temporal and spatial evolution of magma petrogenesis within the province and its potential role in driving the PETM. Geochemical analyses from the various volcanic sequences will be used to appraise whether elevated and/or fluctuating mantle temperatures led to excess magmatism in mid-Norway. Regional datasets will be compared to appraise how melting changed along the margin and whether these results resolve competing plume or plate tectonic models. Some sites will target hydrothermal vents associated with break-up related intrusions which caused massive emissions of Greenhouse gases. High resolution core-log-seismic appraisal coupled with isotopic dating of the ejecta layers will hopefully improve the age constraints on these processes in order to better appraise links to the PETM.