Measurements of volcanic Sulfur and Carbon Emissions at high temporal Resolution

这是一份从德国到阿根廷和那里的科帕韦火山和彼得罗阿火山的旅行资金申请，我们计划与阿根廷的研究人员一起用一种新型仪器测量二氧化硫。结合现场CO2测量，我们期望获得前所未有的精确度和时间分辨率的CO2/SO2比值数据集。尽管在过去的几十年里，SO2的遥感已经在火山学家中得到了很好的建立，但地面和空中现场测量仍然是获得完整信息的必要条件。目前，SO2的现场测量通常通过电化学传感器进行，其具有几个缺点，包括（1）相对长的响应时间（约20分钟）。20 s及以上），（2）对火山羽流中存在的其他几种活性气体的干扰（难以量化甚至未知），（3）需要频繁校准。我们克服了这些问题，一个新开发的光学原位二氧化硫传感器原型，依靠非色散紫外吸收（PITSA，便携式原位二氧化硫分析仪）的原则。它的成本效益的应用，测量二氧化硫已成为可能的UV-LED的最新发展。样品空气被泵送通过玻璃池，在那里它暴露在UV-LED的光束下（约200米）。290 nm），其中基本上只有SO2显示吸收特征。因此，通过电池的辐射强度的降低成为样品空气中SO2含量的指标。PITSA设备与商用CO2传感器相结合，因此可以分别以0.1 ppm和1 ppm的精度测量SO2和CO2。这为火山学应用开辟了新的可能性。

This is a request for travel funds for a trip from Germany to Argentina and the Copahue and Peteroa volcanoes there, where we plan measurements of SO2 with a new type of instrument together with researchers from Argentina. Combined with in-situ CO2 measurements we expect a data set of CO2/SO2 ratios of unprecedented accuracy and time resolution.Although remote sensing of SO2 has become well established among volcanologists over the last decades, ground based and airborne in-situ-measurements remain essential to obtain comple¬mentary information. Nowadays in-situ measurements of SO2 are often performed by electrochemical sensors, which suffer from several disadvantages including (1) relatively long response times (ca. 20 s and more), (2) interferences to several other reactive gas species present in volcanic plumes (which are hard to quantify or even unknown), (3) the need for frequent calibration. We overcome these problems with a newly developed optical in-situ SO2-sensor prototype, relying on the principle of non-dispersive UV-absorption (PITSA, Portable in-situ Sulfurdioxide Analyser). Its cost-effective application for measurements of SO2 has become possible by the recent developments of UV-LEDs. The sample air is pumped through a glass cell, where it is exposed to the light beam of an UV-LED (ca. 290nm), in which essentially only SO2 shows absorption features. Therefore the reduction of the radiation intensity passing the cell becomes an indicator for the sample air's SO2-content. The PITSA device is combined with a commercial CO2 sensor thus allowing SO2 and CO2 measurements at 0.1 ppm and 1 ppm accuracy, respectively. This opens up new possibilities in volcanological applications.